Discuss the various reactions that the Choragos and Chorus undergo Essay

Discuss the various reactions that the Choragos and Chorus undergo throughout the play at various key points in Oedipus Rex - Essay Example Character development through the first part of the play allows the writer to introduce desired qualities and attributed related to the role played by that character later. In this case, it makes it easier to develop and maintain a given theme within the major sections of the tragedy. Oedipus Rex Play comprise of categorized characters each assuming an inherent role in depicting an actual ancient Greek society. In this context, one character in the play is Chorus, also commonly referred to as Choragus in plural. Within the play, Chorus refers to a group of elders representing the voice of society in general. In the event of response and reactions, Chorus addresses the theatre as an individual. However, the voice of that individual incorporates responses of all the other elders making up that team. Chorus acts as the judge or a third party reflecting on developments taking place within the play (Ley 12). The group questions the moral and philosophical inclination of other characters i n the play. In addition, the group advice kings and other leaders in authority during decision making process. Chorus possesses theatrical freedom since their role as a group can operate both within and outside the plot’s boundaries. ... As stated earlier, Sophocles develops distinct character traits at the beginning of the play. The tragedy adopts and maintains these developed characters in creating defined and sustainable themes throughout the plot development. With respect to Chorus, the group reacts to plot subjects in an almost consistent manner. As representatives of the larger society, Chorus inclines their objective responses to desires of peace and stability within the subject society. Chorus vehemently disapproves actions of Antigone’s brother in their struggle for leadership positions. Within the first section of the play, Chorus reactions support Antigone’s actions and decisions. Creon, who was the King as this part of the play, gave a decree preventing any member of the kingdom from staging a burial ceremony for Polynices. According to the king, Polynices proved their disloyalty and betrayed the empire; hence does not deserve respect even at burial (Sophocles 201). At this section, Chorus r eacts to Creon’s decree by insinuating that the new king plans to abuse power. The group of elders emphasize on the importance of respecting the law of the land and those of gods by leaders. At the beginning, Chorus praises Creon and the Greek people at large on the manner in which man can achieve desired goals through concerted efforts. The group illustrates man’s ability by describing the manner in which Greek men tamed horses, snared birds and cross vast seas during winter (Sophocles 36). However, the tone of their ode changes towards the end of this first part. Chorus reacts by insinuating that man can misuse power in a manner likely to compromise law of gods and that of the

Tyco International Accounting Issues Research Paper

Tyco International Accounting Issues - Research Paper Example One of the most notable accounting malpractice employed by the company involved the low attrition rate, which were written off at a remarkably slow pace. The consequence of this accounting misnomer was a significant inflation of the profits as reported in the company’s financial records. A consistent pattern of this accounting practice had the effect of giving the shareholders the wrong kind of impression regarding the performance records of this company (Maremont, M and, Laurie Cohen 12 a). The markets were also deluded into believing in the falsified accounting records of the company. According to financial analysts, the amount of money involved in the slow attrition accounting practice was the major driving factor. For instance, it was reported that the company spent large sums of money in purchasing accounts from dealers. An estimate of 1.3 billion dollars has been given as the amount of money used by the company to purchase the accounts in 2001. Major discrepancies have a lso been seen in the mismatch between the posting of assets acquired and the selling prices that were attached to the same. This aspect has often been cited as a case of deliberate falsification of information intended to paint an artificially positive picture about the performance of the company (Bragg 23). One such case involved the purchase and sale of Anglo Seal division. Anglo Seal was bought for about 20 million dollars according to the information posted in the company’s accounting records. In the space of time of one year, the same asset was sold off at a price of 111 million dollars. Some analysts argue that the real losses incurred by Tyco could be even much higher given the fact the team of accountants and lawyers who worked through the companies records overlooked or could not access some sensitive omissions and commissions due to weaknesses of evidence (Maremont and Laurie 10 b). According to analysts, it is not practically conceivable how an asset could apprecia te to nearly eight times its purchase price within the short time of a year. The obvious intention was to bring down the value of expenses, while adjusting upwards the level of sales and revenues. As a result, the company presented itself as particularly robust in terms of growth. The danger of such accounting practices is that they are not sustainable in the long run. They tend to shield the company’s failings from the shareholders and the markets. According to some analysts, such practices have the capacity of bringing down companies because all safeguard measures are rendered useless in the face of irregular and cosmetic accounting practices. The irregular practices often shield the companies from the indicators of possible slump of a slackened performance. Defenders of Tyco’s book-keeping methods have argued that any alternative ways of accountancy could not significantly alter the state of accounts as reported by the company (Maremont and, Laurie 12 c ) . They rel y on the reports of internal auditors who argued that few things would change in terms of performance regarding the company’s overall growth strategy. It would be appropriate to consider the weaknesses of the irregular accounting practices in comparison to similar practices that often ended up in total failure. The collapse of Meryl Lynch and other famous firms were attributed, in part, on the reliance on cosmetic

Dream act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dream act - Essay Example Here the Dream Act allows temporary residency only for minors who have good character. â€Å"Hence the dream Act gives an opportunity to build the career of helpless children; I support the bill with wholeheartedness† (Thesis). It is not abnormal to punish the immigrants who lands up illegally in America because many a times theses people turns out to be criminals and offenders of law. But the children migrated along with their parents are innocent and helpless. So bill like Dream Act saves their lives. Even though Dream act nurture the life of migrant youth, this can motivate more illegal immigrants to land in America. They would be motivated to come to USA and utilize the dream act to make up and establish the lives of their children. America is a rich country and it is the obligation of the country to give home to poor and less fortunate people of developing and poor countries. But this must be done on a restrictive amount. It is not necessary for the government to give shelter to all illegal immigrants but only to a certain percentage of migrants who has good human values. Illegal immigrant is poor and helpless, but this does not omit the fact of them having unethical character and criminal background. In such a circumstance, the government should ban the arrival of illegal immigrants and should deport the one who cross the borders by cheating the border security. It is mostly Mexican and Hispanic migrants who cross the border illegally spread violence, crime and substance abuse in United States Dream Act is indefinitely a good approach to help the children of illegal immigrants but government should also give education to the adults who cross American borders. Educating these people bring in some refinement in their personality and would make them potential for professional employment. If people are taught professional skill and techniques, they can make a living in their own county. After educating and giving them professional skill, they would be

Discuss the various reactions that the Choragos and Chorus undergo Essay

Discuss the various reactions that the Choragos and Chorus undergo throughout the play at various key points in Oedipus Rex - Essay Example Character development through the first part of the play allows the writer to introduce desired qualities and attributed related to the role played by that character later. In this case, it makes it easier to develop and maintain a given theme within the major sections of the tragedy. Oedipus Rex Play comprise of categorized characters each assuming an inherent role in depicting an actual ancient Greek society. In this context, one character in the play is Chorus, also commonly referred to as Choragus in plural. Within the play, Chorus refers to a group of elders representing the voice of society in general. In the event of response and reactions, Chorus addresses the theatre as an individual. However, the voice of that individual incorporates responses of all the other elders making up that team. Chorus acts as the judge or a third party reflecting on developments taking place within the play (Ley 12). The group questions the moral and philosophical inclination of other characters i n the play. In addition, the group advice kings and other leaders in authority during decision making process. Chorus possesses theatrical freedom since their role as a group can operate both within and outside the plot’s boundaries. ... As stated earlier, Sophocles develops distinct character traits at the beginning of the play. The tragedy adopts and maintains these developed characters in creating defined and sustainable themes throughout the plot development. With respect to Chorus, the group reacts to plot subjects in an almost consistent manner. As representatives of the larger society, Chorus inclines their objective responses to desires of peace and stability within the subject society. Chorus vehemently disapproves actions of Antigone’s brother in their struggle for leadership positions. Within the first section of the play, Chorus reactions support Antigone’s actions and decisions. Creon, who was the King as this part of the play, gave a decree preventing any member of the kingdom from staging a burial ceremony for Polynices. According to the king, Polynices proved their disloyalty and betrayed the empire; hence does not deserve respect even at burial (Sophocles 201). At this section, Chorus r eacts to Creon’s decree by insinuating that the new king plans to abuse power. The group of elders emphasize on the importance of respecting the law of the land and those of gods by leaders. At the beginning, Chorus praises Creon and the Greek people at large on the manner in which man can achieve desired goals through concerted efforts. The group illustrates man’s ability by describing the manner in which Greek men tamed horses, snared birds and cross vast seas during winter (Sophocles 36). However, the tone of their ode changes towards the end of this first part. Chorus reacts by insinuating that man can misuse power in a manner likely to compromise law of gods and that of the

Dream act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dream act - Essay Example Here the Dream Act allows temporary residency only for minors who have good character. â€Å"Hence the dream Act gives an opportunity to build the career of helpless children; I support the bill with wholeheartedness† (Thesis). It is not abnormal to punish the immigrants who lands up illegally in America because many a times theses people turns out to be criminals and offenders of law. But the children migrated along with their parents are innocent and helpless. So bill like Dream Act saves their lives. Even though Dream act nurture the life of migrant youth, this can motivate more illegal immigrants to land in America. They would be motivated to come to USA and utilize the dream act to make up and establish the lives of their children. America is a rich country and it is the obligation of the country to give home to poor and less fortunate people of developing and poor countries. But this must be done on a restrictive amount. It is not necessary for the government to give shelter to all illegal immigrants but only to a certain percentage of migrants who has good human values. Illegal immigrant is poor and helpless, but this does not omit the fact of them having unethical character and criminal background. In such a circumstance, the government should ban the arrival of illegal immigrants and should deport the one who cross the borders by cheating the border security. It is mostly Mexican and Hispanic migrants who cross the border illegally spread violence, crime and substance abuse in United States Dream Act is indefinitely a good approach to help the children of illegal immigrants but government should also give education to the adults who cross American borders. Educating these people bring in some refinement in their personality and would make them potential for professional employment. If people are taught professional skill and techniques, they can make a living in their own county. After educating and giving them professional skill, they would be

An Element of Art and Science Essay Example for Free

An Element of Art and Science Essay Astrology provides a very debatable kind of knowledge that is generally assessed by the intelligent as a useless kind of knowledge, which only makes sense for the ignorant. At the same time astrology is usually associated with gypsies and hucksters, who are known for their deceptive and fake knowledge, as they try to deceive people for their own financial interest. On the other hand, we find people with high education attempting to study astrology and very much respect the kind of knowledge it offers them. Whether such knowledge offered through teaching astrology in universities is worth doing or to be considered an inapplicable knowledge for high education is a critical decision to make, which requires obtaining a great insight about astrology it self as an academic field in order to be able to make a correct assessment. Astrology is actually a combined form of knowledge that both combine both the element of art and of science in its essence. It contains the mathematical element as well as the artistic element o symbolism (Astrology? 891). Scientists usually disregard the art side of astrology and focus on the basic mathematical part of it, as they judge it as useless and insignificant. This actually destroys the wholeness and balance within the realm itself. This may be considered a reason for misunderstanding the real value of knowledge in astrology. It is also a fact that every field is vulnerable to be used by ignorant people who devoid it totally of its meaning and value, in order to sell it as cheap as possible in a market of ignorance that unfortunately have many customers who are wiling to buy, again this helps in misunderstanding Astrology (Astrology? 891); and as there is the presence of the competent and the incompetent in every field, and people usually search for the best in every profession, so why exclude Astrology (Astrology? 896). Astrology requires a sophisticated kind of thinking as it combines artistic and scientific knowledge, it can therefore never be considered as insignificant knowledge. It may not be appreciated by scientists due to the artistic element provided within it, and their total dependence on reason for discovering reality since the onset of the renaissance; thus reviving such forms of knowledge actually, shows the evolution of knowledge and thinking that reflects the significance of intuitive forms of knowledge besides the pure rational ones. The astrological knowledge in itself consists of a natural balance between intuitive and rational knowledge, and disturbing this balance will only lead to the production of inconsistent forms of knowledge that seem to appear on the surface to help in the generation of misunderstandings regarding astrology. The argument of scientists against Astrology reflects the on going disagreement between scientific knowledge and intuitive forms of knowledge. Scientists never admit the truth in any intuitive understanding, and they usually regarded as invalid. They never accept the fact the mystery is part of reality and that the rational mind can never be able to reach full understanding of the universe. Astrology is a balanced kind of knowledge as it respects both forms of thinking, which in fact a respect for nature and for the human being as part of that nature. I feel that the purpose of a reading is to understand ones life challenges And potential, to provide an opportunity for self reflection and life Evaluation, as well as to confirm ones intuitive sense of what ones Life is about (Astrology? 895). Human beings as well as nature are made of matter and soul that can never be detached from each other as long as life is there. How can scientists reach the truth if they are actually altering the natural balance in life by looking for material proof and ignoring the intuitive reality of nature? The soul remains a mystery that can never be explained by scientific truth, and science can not resolve the question of life and death. There fore, accepting astrology as a significant form of knowledge by a scientist is truly a question of him admitting intuition as a part of reality. From another side, if the issue had not been on intuition, regarding astrology, it is still a form of knowledge that surely provides the individual with some insight about life and introduces him to different kinds of thinking; it should be even credited for this reason alone, my studies in Astrology, as well as in other fields, are attempts to understand the grand design of the whole (Astrology? 894). Scientists also accuse Astrological interpretive knowledge of not being exact stars incline but do not compel (A critical? 882), and this fact works against scientific logic which is sharp and determinant. But actually, life in it self is never exact or straight forward and clear as mathematical knowledge entails for instance. Astrology may actually provide the best for of understanding of life and nature; it allows people to understand reality the way it is without trying to alter its nature. The whole issue of prediction and future related knowledge can never be definite or fully explainable, to discuss future probabilities is much like giving a weather report (Astrology? 896). On the other hand, it should be admitted that Astrological knowledge may help in creating dependent and weak individuals, if they used it wrongly. It might lead them to spin in a cycle, which they might not be able to break. People can stress too much on the intuitive knowledge in Astrology and thus once again altering its balance of logic and intuition and thus getting again a wrong insight about life and nature, with an accompanied change in personality and attitude to life Astrology, when practiced as completely as possible, takes away from ach of us our right and duty to make our own personal decisions (A Critical? 882). In the case of a scientist who puts great emphasis on logic and excludes intuition, makes him a rough and rigid person who stands weak in front of the scientifically unexplained mysteries of the world; while in the case of the ignorant who does the opposite to give too much significance to intuition and disregards reason suffers another kind of weakness that creates a dependent and shattered personality. But again we must also admit that this would be the case with any field if wrongly interpreted. All in all, I believe that Astrology is a sophisticated form of knowledge that should be respected for the special thinking abilities it provides an individual who studies it. It also reflects on the importance of providing a balance between Art and Science, and thus between logic and intuition, which is found deep within the nature of man and the universe he lives in. I would very strongly recommend all institutions of high education to teach Astrology in order to correct the misunderstanding entitled to it, and thus expose the rich and deep knowledge it provides. Works Cited Bok, Bart J. A Critical Look at Astrology. The Humanist Costello, Priscilla. Astrology, Science or Abracadabra? Wellesley College.

Influence of Climate Change on Eel Migration

Influence of Climate Change on Eel Migration Introduction Freshwater eel populations are experiencing a worldwide decline, mainly due to overfishing, habitat loss, and barriers to migration (Bonhommeau et al. 2008).   However, an increasing body of work suggests that climate change poses a significant threat to eel recruitment, currently, and in the future (Bonhommeau et al. 2008, Knights 2003).   This should be an important consideration for eel management in New Zealand, and is partially explored in August and Hicks 2008 paper: Water temperature and upstream migration of glass eels in New Zealand: implications of climate change. The ecological, cultural and economic important of eels New Zealand is home to three main species of anguillid fresh-water eel, the endemic longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), the shortfin eel (Anguilla australis), and the recently discovered Australian longfin (Anguilla reinhardtii) (Jellyman 2009).   Both populations have declined from commercial fishing and habitat degradation, but there is more concern for the longfin eel.   Aside from being exclusive to New Zealand, longfins are more slow growing and are more vulnerable to current environmental changes than shortfins because of their habitat preferences.   Their geographical distribution and abundance has declined over the past decades, prompting its ranking as an At Risk-Declining species by the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Goodman et al. 2014). The status of New Zealand eels are important to many stakeholders because both species have ecological significance and serve as valuable cultural and economic resources (Jellyman 2007, August and Hicks 2008).   Eels play a critical role in freshwater ecosystems as the apex predator.   As opportunist scavengers, they also serve to remove dead organisms, helping to recycle nutrients back into the system (Jellyman 2012).   Because they can prey upon nearly all other freshwater fish, eels have the ability to control other fish (and eel) populations, and even those of introduced species (Chisnall et al. 2003).   As an endemic New Zealand species and the largest freshwater eel found in the world, there is also much justification to protect the longfin eel and preserve the unique biodiversity of the country.   Eels are taonga (cultural treasure) to Maori (the indigenous people of New Zealand).   Historically eels were an essential food source of Maori, and remain an significant component of Maori culture and beliefs (Jellyman 2007, Wright 2013).   Eels are integrated in their whakapapa (genealogy), mythology (eels are seen as spiritual guardians of waterways), and it is important for Maori kaitiakitanga (guardianship) to protect eels so as to restore the mauri (life force) of their rivers (Wright 2013). Both shortfin and longfin eels support commercial, traditional and recreational fisheries.   The commercial eel industry is not very large for New Zealand, with eel exports bringing in revenues of $5 million annually (Jellyman 2012).   Unfortunately, this commercial fishing industry has still greatly contributed to eel decline locally, prompting demands to reduce or ban commercial fishing of longfins (Wright 2013).  Ã‚  Ã‚      Eel decline: a vulnerable life history Part of the reason eels are so vulnerable is their extraordinary semelparous life history.   Mature eels migrate to oceanic spawning grounds (the exact location still unknown, but suspected to be northeast of New Caledonia) where they spawn and die (Jellyman 2009).   The larvae migrate back to New Zealand, and metamorphosise into glass, or unpigmented, eels.   They arrive at the coast, with peak arrivals in September and October, and migrate upstream through rivers and streams from late winter to early summer.   After spending many years, sometimes decades in freshwater, mature eels will then migrate back to their oceanic spawning grounds, continuing the reproductive cycle (Jellyman 2009). Unfortunately, this life history means that (1) eel recruitment is highly dependent on their successful upstream and downstream migration, (2) they take a relatively long time to reach reproductive age, (3) they only breed once per lifetime, and (4) they have limited habitat.   All these factors have made it even easier for humans to disturb eel populations.   Increased sedimentation in wetlands, lakes and rivers has further diminished available habitat, especially for longfins who prefer clean, clear waters (Wright 2013).   The construction of hydroelectric dams largely inhibits eel movement upstream and downstream (Jellyman, 2007).  Ã‚   Much of the management efforts concerning eels involves facilitating the upstream and downstream migration of eels and other native fishes using ladders, the temporary shutting down of hydroelectric dams, physically transporting glass eels over dams, etc (Jellyman 2007).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While there are many localized threats to eel populations, it is also imperative to consider long term, overarching threats to eels populations.   A study by August and Hicks aimed to better understand the environmental factors influencing eel migration, and the findings of their study suggest that we may need to underline climate change on the growing list of eel threats (2008).  Ã‚   Purpose and methods of the experiment In their study, August and Hicks investigated the upstream migration of glass eels in the Tukituki River, in Hawke Bay, New Zealand (2008).   The purpose of their experiment was to see how environmental variables affected the number of migrants, and to survey the species composition, size, condition and pigmentation of the migrants (2008). They conducted this survey in the rivers lower tidal reaches by trapping glass eels most nights from September to late November in 2001, and until early December in 2002.   Eels were trapped using a mesh net, with mesh screens on either sides to prevent eels from moving past the net.   Fishing began an hour before sunset, and every 45 minutes, glass eels and bycatch were removed from the net, counted and recorded.   A subsample of glass eels was removed from the catch each night so the level of pigmentation and species could be identified in the lab later.   Fishing ended each night when the glass eel catch decreased over three successive trapping periods.   August and Hicks also measured water temperature at the sampling site and river mouth, river flow 10km upstream from the sampling site, wind, barometric pressure, and solar radiation.   Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze associations between the number and length (daily means of total length for each species) of migrants and the environmental variables, separated by species and year. Study results and discussion In total, the researchers caught 50,287 eels in 2001 and 19,954 in 2002, and they do not discuss reasons for this difference in eel numbers.   Out of the environmental variables measured, they found that river water temperature, sea water temperature and river flow were most associated with glass eel catch, though river and sea water temperatures were highly correlated.   Maximum eel numbers were found when river flow was low or normal (less than or equal to 22 m3 s-1), with fewer numbers at higher flows.     Ã‚   Migrating glass eels seemed to prefer moderate river temperatures; water temperatures below 12 °C and above 22 °C seemed to almost or completely suppress eel migration.   August and Hicks created a habitat suitability curve and proposed 16.5 °C as the optimum temperature for upstream migration of New Zealand glass eels (2008).   This relationship between may exist because water temperature can facilitate (or hinder) the swimming ability of fish, both by affecting the metabolism of the fish and the kinetic viscosity of water.   Moon phase, which has been historically associated with glass eel invasions, was sometimes associated with peak eel runs into the stream.   However, they found that moon phase was confounded by other variables, namely water temperature and tidal currents, and suggest that these factors, rather than the moonlight itself, may be the mechanism driving eel invasions during full and new moons.   This observation, while limited to the Tukituki River, may help to clarify the lunar association with eel migrations globally.   In both years, their catch was mainly shortfins (91% in 2001 and 93% in 2002), which is consistent with observations that shortfins dominate the North Island east coast.   However, this finding could be valuable for eel management since shortfin dominance may be reflect the pastoral development of the area and result from their superior tolerance to increasingly muddy waters.     Ã‚   They acknowledge some shortcomings of the study, including the fact that glass eel recruitment likely began before trapping.   They did not estimate trap efficiency, though visual observations suggested that no more than 5% of the migrating glass eels escaped entrapment. Significance of their findings While glass eel recruitment may be associated with various environmental factors, water temperature was the most strongly linked factor out of the measured variables.   This study thus supports the theory that water temperature is a cue for the start and intensity of the New Zealand upstream eel migration.   This has been observed for Anguilla rostrata   (American eels ) (Marin 1995), Anguilla anguilla   (European eels) (Edeline et al. 2006), and even experimentally for Anguilla japonica (Japanese eels) (Chen and Chen 1991), but had not been thoroughly explored in New Zealand eels.   Nevertheless, this study contributes further documentation of temperature thresholds for eel migrations, and puts forth an optimal temperature for New Zealand migrations.   In finding linkages between water temperature and lunar phases, their work may also help to clarify the supposed relationship between the moon and eel invasions globally.   Their finding of peak migrations during spring tides is consistent with previous studies (Jellyman 1979), and demonstrates how eels use flood tides to achieve passive upstream movement.   Findings from Jellyman et al.s 2009 study in the Waikato River system contradicted the results of August and Hicks study.   While Jellyman et al. also found that temperature had a significant relationship with the migration strength, their largest migrations occurred at much cooler temperatures, between 12.6 and 13.1 °C.   These temperatures are well below August and Hicks optimum temperature of 16.5 °C , and undermined their hypothesis that temperatures below 12 °C would suppress migrations.   These variations in the eel responses to temperature could result from the Waikato study site being further inland than August and Hicks study.   Aside from using different river systems with potentially very different ranges of temperatures, this meant that the eels sampled by Jellyman et al. were older and may respond to environmental factors differently.   Implications for climate change Given the predictions that climate change will lead to rising ocean temperatures, August and Hicks speculate that warming temperatures will negatively impact glass eel recruitment.   However, in the article, they do not discuss or predict in detail how rising water temperatures will impact eel migration, such as effects on the timing or numbers of migrants.   They maintain that the generality of the negative effects of high water temperatures on glass eel invasionsremains to be confirmed (August and Hicks 2008), which is a reasonable statement given the limited scope of their study.   However, the usefulness of this article could have been strengthened by analyzing, in more detail, the potential threat climate change poses to eels. This paper also lacked a discussion of whether eels could adapt to the projected increases in ocean temperatures.   These ocean temperature rises are expected to be relatively gradual, with warming in New Zealand between 0.7-5.1 °C, with a best estimate of 2.1 °C, by 2090 (Ministry of the Environment, 2008).   The Jellyman et al. 2009 study may actually provide evidence that eels are already adapting to warming ocean temperatures.   When they compared migration catch data between a 30 year interval, they found that the main migration period occurred several weeks earlier.   This suggests that eels may be compensating for increasing temperatures by migrating earlier in the season (Jellyman et al. 2009).   By shifting their migration times, or even by other adaptations in their physiology, eels may avoid the detrimental effects of climate change.   However, there is also the danger that as temperatures warm, the window of temperatures suitable for migration will grow smaller and smaller, which could still lead to declines in recruitment.   Moreover, it is already clear that eel recruitment has decreased both in New Zealand and globally, so it is unlikely that adaptation will allow eels to completely escape the effects of climate change.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Climate change may also be more strongly affecting eel recruitment through food availability, rather than through temperature increases.   One review of continental water conditions and the decline of American, European and Japanese eels found correlations between eel recruitment and sea surface temperature anomalies (Knights 2003).   They hypothesized that global warming trends will negatively impact eel recruitment by inhibiting spring thermocline mixing and nutrient circulation (Knights 2003).   Changes in the resulting food availability may be a significant contributor to the worldwide eel decline.   Despite several studies investigating the impact of large scale oceanic warming trends, we still very much lack an understanding of how much climate change will, and is currently, playing a role in eel populations.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Implications for Eel Management This study was beneficial by informing the population composition of eels (specifically species and size) in the Hawke Bay region.   Knowing the size of migrations in 2001 and 2002 can allow ecologists to measure the health of eel populations in the future by using this data as a point for comparison.   This population information also gives resource managers some sense of what to expect from mature eel populations in the future.   Understanding how environmental variables affect eel recruitment can help eel managers predict migrations with greater precision and to understand why they are witnessing certain trends in eel populations.   By helping managers make predictions for when peak glass eel migrations will occur, this study can help inform ideal times to turn off hydroelectric dams or invest more efforts into eel transfers over upstream obstacles.   Even though this study makes an important step towards considering how ocean warming will affect eel recruitment, its ability to advance our understanding of eels and climate change is extremely limited.   Further experimental studies are needed to investigate the temperature preferences of eels and the effects of temperature.   Even then, studies researching the effects of warming temperatures on eels are inherently limited because they cannot consider species responses and adaptations on a timescale relevant to climate change.   Regardless, given our worldwide eel decline, and evidence that climate change may already be impacting eel populations, its clear that more research is needed to investigate the current and future threat of climate change for eels. Conclusion The August and Hicks study advanced our understanding of the abiotic factors controlling glass eel migrations in New Zealand.   They found a strong association between migrations and water temperature, which raised concerns that rising ocean temperatures will negatively impact eel recruitment.   While their predictions about the effects of climate change are largely limited by the scope and nature of the study, their findings demonstrate the need for further research on climate change and eels.   Such research is especially imperative given the context of local and global declines in eel recruitment and populations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Word Count: 2,434 Works Cited August, S. M., & Hicks, B. J. (2008). Water temperature and upstream migration of glass eels in New Zealand: implications of climate change.  Environmental Biology of Fishes,  81(2), 195-205. Bonhommeau, S., Chassot, E., Planque, B., Rivot, E., Knap, A. H., & Le Pape, O. (2008). Impact   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of climate on eel populations of the Northern Hemisphere.  Marine Ecology Progress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Series,  373, 71-80. Chen YL, Chen H-Y (1991) Temperature selections of Anguilla japonica (L.) elvers, and their   Ã‚  Ã‚   implications for migration. Austr J Mar Freshwater Res 42:743–750 Chisnall, B.L.; Hicks, B.J.; Martin, M.L. ( 2003). Effect of harvest on size, abundance, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   production of freshwater eels Anguilla australis and A. dieffenbachii in a New Zealand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   stream. P. 177–189. In: Biology, management, and protection of catadromous eels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dixon, D.A. (Ed.). American Fisheries Society, Symposium 33. Edeline, E., Lambert, P., Rigaud, C., & Elie, P. (2006). 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