Ryanair Business Ethics

Motivational Interviewing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persuasive Interviewing - Case Study Example Moving toward obnoxious attack requires involves a lot of five changes before the customer can come into a result. The primary stage is the precontemplation stage whereby the customer is uninformed of the need to change subsequently doesn't plan to change. The subsequent stage is the thought stage whereby the customer knows about the need to change however has not settled on the choice yet. Thirdly is the planning stage whereby the customer makes chooses to make a stride towards change later on and has just had a go at changing yet has been fruitless. The fourth step of progress is activity in which the customer has begun chipping away at the change with quantifiable achievement however not the full anticipated result. The fifth stage is the support stage whereby the customer has just achieved the define objective and is currently working keep up the procured status (Cormier, Nurius, and Osborn, 2009, p.231). Because of the various phases of progress, I mean to finish a lot of mediations explicit to each progression of progress. During the precontemplation stage, I ought to distinctly tune in to the customer while guaranteeing solace as a proportion of urging the customer to change to the following stage. Because of examination stage, I should concentrate on teaching the customer about change while concentrating more on the focal points on the side of the client’s uncertainty about the change. During the planning stage I should take the customer through the potential other options while underlining on attempting some of them. This is intended to give the customer a sample of the change procedure along these lines empowering change acknowledgment. During the activity stage my primary job is to take the cline through proper methodologies to forestall descends into sin once the normal objective is accomplished. At long last, mediations in the upkeep stage are intended to offer enthusi astic help to the customer once the change has produced results. After effectively experiencing the change procedure it is significant

Best Practices for Supporting Students with Special Needs

Best Practices for Supporting Students with Special Needs Veteran teacher and TeacherVision Advisory Board Member Tina shares her tips for helping students with special needs reach their fullest potential. by Tina Wheeler When teachers hear the term special needs, the most common type of educational disability probably comes to mind: a learning disability. This term, however, includes a host of diagnoses that can affect students in very specific, albeit very different, ways. A learning disability affects how kids process and comprehend information, and it can be expressed in a number of different ways. Students may demonstrate difficulty with spelling, writing, speaking, thinking, listening, or performing mathematical calculations. As a teacher, it is impossible to be an expert about every single possible educational obstacle your students might encounter. Therefore, it is crucial that you take the necessary steps to help your students reach their fullest potential. Take a look at some of the strategies I have used in my classroom to help my students with special needs achieve success. Read the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) This one seems like a no-brainer, but many teachers overlook the obvious when there are just so many things to do. Reading a student’s IEP is a definite first step that should not become an oversight. The IEP provides so much helpful information that you can use to guide your instruction for that child. Does it take time? Yes. But it is well worth the time and effort needed to tackle this often intimidating document. If you truly cannot spare the time, at the very least become familiar with each student’s disability diagnosis, educational goals, and accommodations and modifications. Work in opportunities to practice any listed goals that fit naturally into different areas of the curriculum. For example, if a student’s IEP lists a goal related to using who, what, where, when, why, and how questions, see if you can create an assignment that focuses on using question words. Understanding Accommodations and Modifications Each student’s IEP will include an accommodations and modifications page. This will list the all the modifications and/or accommodations that a student needs to assist him or her in receiving a fair and appropriate public education. Understanding what accommodations and modifications are, however, can be a bit confusing. Accommodations are changes in how information is taught to a student. Teachers can accommodate how information is presented to the student, how students are allowed to respond to assignments/assessments, the setting in which students learn or test, or the amount of time given to complete a task, just to name a few. Accommodations allow students to follow the same curriculum and meet the same expectations as their peers. Modifications, on the other hand, modify, or change, what information is taught to a student. Both assignments and curriculum requirements can be modified to fit a student’s needs. This allows students to learn similar skills and concepts as their peers, but the materials to do so are modified to match the student’s ability level. The accommodations or modifications for students are carefully selected by the IEP team to help students perform at their best ability levels. The goal is not to make schoolwork easier, but to “level the playing field” for students so they can receive a comparable education to their peers. It is important to note that any teacher can provide accommodations or modifications for students if he or she sees a true need, even without an educational diagnosis. Become Familiar with Common Difficulties Each educational diagnosis comes with its own set of difficulties that your student may struggle with. It is vital to know what those difficulties are, but also become well versed in the best practices to tackle those obstacles with your student. Students with dyslexia struggle with reading and understanding what they’ve read. This may be related to phonemic awareness (how sounds work in words), phonological processing (processing spoken and written language), or a number of other issues, such as fluency or spelling. Students with dyslexia often fall far behind in developing reading skills. Dyscalculia describes students who have complications with mathematical calculations. These complications can range from ordering numbers and simple addition to transposing and omitting numbers from equations. This can lead students to make very slow or very small gains in mathematical reasoning and understanding. Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD, have trouble with focusing their attention, staying on task, and becoming distracted. Students with ADHD find many things in their environment interesting, so their attention is constantly being pulled away from what they are supposed to be focusing on. Dysgraphia is also a common disability. Students with dysgraphia may have trouble with physically writing, such as not being able to hold a pencil properly. Dysgraphia is also diagnosed when students have difficulties with written expression, like an inability to organize thoughts, use grammatical structures properly, or understand basic sentence structure. This can cause difficulty in English language arts assignments, but also in many other core subjects as an increasing focus is being put on writing. Many other educational diagnoses exist, and the above outlined just a few. If your particular student’s special need is not on this list, do a bit of research to find out all you can, so you can work to help your student learn and grow. Provide Opportunities for Success Having high expectations for your students is wonderful, but there are times that kiddos need a little help. Take a look at the list below. By adopting some of these suggestions, you might just be providing that little nudge that your student needs to get him or her to the top. Create a classroom environment that is as free of distractions as possible; Operate a very structured classroom, with some times reserved for unstructured activity; Show an example of appropriate classroom behaviors, as many students with special needs will not necessarily “just know” how to do things; Allow students to use an alternative seating arrangement, even if it’s simply letting students complete their work on the floor; Use music or timers to help with transitions throughout the classroom; Provide directions to assignments, activities, or assessments in a variety of ways, such as verbal and written; Break information up into smaller, more manageable tasks; Highlight, or give students permission to highlight, important information on assignments or in textbooks; Use alarms or apps to help students manage their time appropriately; Help students keep track of assignments by teaching them how to use a planner, organizer, or folders; Check often for understanding throughout the lesson or throughout the day and provide immediate redirection when needed; Differentiate your learning to include learners that excel in a variety of ways. As an educator, you know how different each child can be. Get to know any students you have with special needs. Understand their abilities and their limits. Have high expectations, but do not have unrealistic ones. Our goal is to help each student reach his or her full potential, no matter what. It may be hard, it may take time, but in the end, isn’t it all worth it? Do you have tips for working with special needs students? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Tina Wheeler is an elementary teacher in a combined 3rd/4th grade classroom at a small private school in Cuba, Missouri. She has been an educator since 2005, working in both the general and special education classrooms with students ranging in ages from 3 years old to adulthood. When Tina is not teaching, she works as a freelance writer. She also shares teaching tips and tricks on her blog at Miss Tina’s Room.

An Analysis Of Percy Jackson - 947 Words

Ethnography Percy Jackson is a twelve year old boy that lives in New York, in modern time. He has attended a few private schools for troubled students (Riordan 1). In fact, he describes himself as a â€Å"troubled kid† with dyslexia and ADHD (Riordan 7). Percy is used to being the loner of the group, after attending six schools in the past six years which probably means he doesn’t make many friends. (Schmoop). His classmates do not have a need to scramble for money. â€Å"The other guys were joking around, talking about their vacation plans. One of them was going on a hiking trip to Switzerland. Another was cruising the Caribbean for a month. They were juvenile delinquents, like me, but they were rich juvenile delinquents. Their daddies were executives, or ambassadors, or celebrities. I was a nobody, from a family of nobodies.† (Riordan 22). While the other students know their parents, specifically their fathers, Percy has never known his father. He lives with his mother, whom he thinks is the best person in the world (Riordan 29) but he has no idea who his father is. Percy’s mom has just always told him his father was â€Å"lost at sea† (Riordan 30). Later on in the chapters, Percy discovers that the modern world he lives in is not what he thinks. He finds that ancient Greek theology is very much real. He gets shipped to a camp in the middle of nowhere as a safe haven from dangers of ancient Greek mythology. This camp (Camp Half Blood) is a haven for young demi-gods to find theirShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Percy Jackson and the Olympians2772 Words   |  12 PagesThe fact that Percy Jackson has friends is incredible. It’s an unshakable fact that any friend of his within a ten mile radius will be in a life or death situation with him by dinner, and they aren’t always so lucky as him. But that ’s getting ahead of ourselves. Over the course of the five-part contemporary young adult series Percy Jackson The Olympians, titular character Percy Jackson must embrace his Greek God parentage and save Olympus with the help of his fellow demigods. The aim of this paperRead MoreAnalysis Of Percy Jackson And The Sea Of Monster1636 Words   |  7 Pagesdecided to do my report on Greece. I have chosen the book Percy Jackson and the sea of monster. For my project I am trying to explain how there is good vs.evil, acceptance and over coming fear. The context in my essay will included history of Greece which I will talk about later in my report, I will than later talk about the summary of the literature I choose to read, next is my most important part of my report is the literary analysis which I will explain the themes and elements that haveRead MorePercy Jackson Character Analysis1313 Words   |  6 PagesIn Percy Jackson the character faces 4 hard missions that seems impossible but eventually completes it with courage and dedication. In Nanabush the character presents tricks and courage by entering the serpents territory and tricking them by thinking he is a one of the serpents. Also in Good mind it shows dedication because Good mind works really hard on recreating the world and making the earth a better place for animals.In the myths of â€Å"Percy Jackson†, â€Å"Nanabush† and Iroquois creationRead MoreAnalysis Of Percy Jackson And The Battle Of The Labyrinth859 Words   |  4 PagesPercy Jackson And the Battle of the Labyrinth Draft Prompt: In this book, Hera talks about how important family is. However, we then learn that she really only values people who are perfect. Write an essay describing three characters in this book who have flaws and imperfections. Are these characters still useful? You should write a paragraph about each one, and make sure to describe a time where they were helpful because of their imperfections. Then, write a fourth paragraph about how a real personRead MoreAnalysis Of Percy Jackson, Son Of Poseidon723 Words   |  3 PagesAs demigod Percy Jackson, son of Poseidon, is introduced to what will become his new life at Camp Half-Blood, a war quickly approaches the city of Olympus. Zeus’s lightning bolt has been stolen. Naturally, having a feud with Poseidon, he blames Percy. Percy is given till the summer solstice to return the bolt. If not, chaos will break out, and the Gods will choose sides. As Percy is still in training, you would not expect him to take on a quest. However he does, and it is only the start of whatRead MoreAnalysis Of Percy Jackson And Olympians : The Lightning Thief1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe book â€Å"Percy Jackson Olympians: The Lightning Thief† by Rick Riordan is the first book in his fiction Greek god and goddess series. This book was written from the main character, Percy Jackson’s point of view just after sixth grade. As the story progresses its settings become more elaborate. The book’s major settings are Percy’s school, camp Half Blood, Greek God Hades’s Underworld, a beach in Santa Monica, and the top of the Empire State building which is secretly Mount. Olympus. It is writtenRead MoreGreek Mythology And The Lightening Thief1940 Words   |  8 Pagesthe lightening thief we see the very interesting part about Greek mythology. The lightening thief uses the modern day society to tell the adventure packed story. In this essay I will give you an overview of Greek mythology, along with a summary and analysis of The Lightening Thief. Hero is the main theme of this story. We see the theme of hero throughout various parts of 2 the story. Courage, Love and sacrifice, and man vs. society all connect back to the idea of heroism. Cultural and HistoricalRead MoreClassical Influences On Modern Films And Literature1171 Words   |  5 Pagesfoundation of humanities in various fields. In popular culture, Ancient Greece and Rome are portrayed substantially in books and movies; however, not many people are aware of how they also shape our thoughts, ideals, and motivations. Through an analysis of classical elements often portrayed in popular media, this essay attempts to illustrate how the representation of classical Greece and Rome in books and movies influence our lives and emphasize the need to stay informed as these influences canRead MoreAncient Greece And Rome Vs. Rome1179 Words   |  5 Pagesfoundation of humanities in various fields. In popular culture, Ancient Greece and Rome are portrayed substantially in books and movies; however, not many people are aware of how they also shape our thoughts, ideals, and motivations. Through an analysis of classical elements often portrayed in popular media, this essa y attempts to illustrate how the representation of ancient Greece and Rome in books and movies influence our lives and emphasize the need to stay informed as these influences can beRead MoreResearch Papers for Eudora Welty4544 Words   |  19 Pages—Eudora Welty, One Writer’s Beginnings I owe a special debt to Jan Nordby Gretlund for his Eudora Welty’s Aesthetics of Place (Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press; Newark: University of Delaware Press,  ¡994). Given his extensive and intensive analysis of Welty’s ï ¬ ction, which he makes in response not only to that ï ¬ ction but also to the considerable body of historical and critical work that has been done on it, Professor Gretlund establishes both a scholarly and a critical context upon which my

Analysis Of Tim O Brien s The Things They Carried

There were many things the soldiers carried with them during the Vietnam War. They carried guns and ammo, rations and canteens, and things necessary for survival. The soldiers also carried letters, photographs and land of Vietnam itself. Tim O’Brien tells of this in The Things They Carried, a book detailing the lives of the soldiers in Vietnam through the things the men carried with them. Not everything the men carried was physical, however. The soldiers carried ghosts, memories, and burdens. Everyone carried something that shaped who they were. Above all else, however, all of the soldiers carried the themes of love and war, fact and fiction, and individuals versus the collective. When thinking of war, love isn’t often the first word one†¦show more content†¦In regards to Cross after the death of Lavender, it is stated, â€Å"He felt shame. He hated himself. He had loved Martha more than his men, and as a consequence, Lavender was now dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Oâ₠¬â„¢Brien 16). This shows the problems the men faced when trying to balance love and war. Another example of the divisive coexistence of love and war can be seen in the story of Mark Fossie and his girlfriend Mary Anne, who came to Vietnam to be with him. When Mary Anne arrived in Vietnam, she was young and innocent. She quickly took a fascination with the war, however, and joined in the fighting. This vastly changed her as a person, much to the dismay of Mark. It is stated in the book, â€Å"’The girl joined the zoo. One more animal-end of story.’† (O’Brien 107) This is capitalized upon when Mary Anne came back from a night of patrol with a necklace of human tongues around her neck. Though Mark and Mary Anne were set to be married at one point, Mary Anne eventually disappeared into the night becoming more of a legend than anyone’s fiancà ©e with war winning out over love once again. The war also blurred the lines between fact and fiction for the soldiers. One such example can be seen in the actions of the men. While they woke up every day terrified of meeting their demise, they carried themselves with dignity and acted as if nothing bothered them, not because they were truly fearless, but rather

Importance of teaching nutrition in schools Essay Example For Students

Importance of teaching nutrition in schools Essay Nutrition should be taught as a part of the health curriculum because, it is important for children to learn healthy lifestyle behaviors. Nutrition is the area of health that focuses on planning a healthful diet and includes choosing a variety of foods from the Food Guide Pyramid, adhering to dietary guidelines, reading food labels, making food selections to reduce the risk of disease, making healthful selections when dining out, considering food safety, maintaining desirable weight, and avoiding harmful eating patterns, and recognizing eating disorders (Meeks,Hieght,Page 1996 p219). I believe that all of these different categories should be taught in the schools health education program. Nutrition choices that children make today can dramatically affect their health and well being tomorrow. However, many of these young people are facing an unhealthy situation. For example, eating disorders are on the rise, the rate of obesity has doubled, many childrens diets lack the recommended amounts of vital nutrients, and only 1% of children meet all of the nutrition recommendations of the Food Guide Pyramid.(Teaching Adolescent Nutrition p1) This information should support the dire need for proper nutrition education in the school program today. I think that it is important to teach this topic as early as kindergarten but, I also think that it is important to continue nutrition education throughout middle school and also throughout high school. The material that I chose to teach is geared toward the middle school aged student. I believe that it is most important to teach nutrition at this age because it is the age children/preteens begin to make their own lifestyle decisions. Nutrition education can be integrated in other classes as well as health classes so the students do not think that nutrition education only has to do with health classes and not a mathematics class or a computer class. Appropriate nutrition education to recipients of child and adolescent food and nutrition programs is recognized as a key factor in health promotion/chronic disease prevention. As part of any comprehensive health program, nutrition should be integrated across the curriculum, in all subject areas (McConnel,Shaw 1996 p3). Ideas for other classes integrating nutrition education into their curriculum would be: The teacher can teach the class how to count calories, fat intake, carbohydrates, proteins. This way children can learn the importance of regulating their calorie and fat intake and utilizing the information to integrate it into their own lives. Teach the students that it is also important to count the amount of carbohydrates that they consume along with the amount of sugars that they consume also. Students can then understand that too much of something can be bad for their health, The teacher can hand out an article on diseases linked to poor exercise and nutrition. Then the class can participate in an open discussion. This way the students can feel open to discuss the topic in class with the teacher and their peers. They will be able to express their knowledge on the topic and learn new things as well. They can also write a poem on the nutrition and have a contest where the students will vote on the best most informative poem, and the winner will receive bonus points on the nest test/paper. The class can learn about how food is broken down in the body and how nutritious foods can help maintain a healthy functioning body. The students can draw a diagram and map out the pathway that foods takes to go through the body. They could learn what foods that can be eaten to prevent certain diseases, like broccoli can be a good food to eat to help prevent cancer. The students can participate in a food pyramid relay. This way the students can learn the food pyramid while they are having fun and also they will be exercising. They will be able to categorize the food groups in an easily understandable way instead of being lectured to in class for a change. The teacher can have the students paint or draw a picture of one food from each of the food groups. The students can draw or paint their favorite foods. .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf , .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .postImageUrl , .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf , .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf:hover , .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf:visited , .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf:active { border:0!important; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf:active , .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude8c0c879f8f4afc9dc595d4d50a0bdf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gay Parenting Controversy Essay They will also get to see others peoples favorite foods so they .

Shakespeares Hamlet free essay sample

This paper takes a look at Shakespeares character Hamlet. This well-though out paper takes an in-depth look at the character of Hamlet; it discusses his life and the factors which led him from innocence. The paper also discusses Hamlet?s feelings of being lost and out of his depth and his procrastination when facts are put before him. It, however also puts forward the argument that perhaps Hamlet is wise in not rushing to murder his step father, his intelligence coming as it does from a ghost. Much is also made of the Oedipus complex and Hamlets morbid mental struggle. From the paper: ?William Shakespeares play Hamlet is one of his most celebrated tragedies and the one play that most people are familiar with even today. The play itself is filled with murder, sex, love, suicide, hate, and revenge much like a modern day soap opera. But the truly enduring part of the play is Hamlet himself, the little boy lost, who is grieving his fathers death, feels isolated from his family, is in love with a confusing woman and is trying desperately to make things right and avenge his fathers death. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares Hamlet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While a portion of us can identify with one or two of his plights, none of us quite know what he is facing. However, Shakespeares use of imagery and emotion endears Hamlet to the audience and gives us insight into his tumultuous soul.?

Weather - Japanese Vocabulary

Weather - Japanese Vocabulary Whether you planning a trip to Japan or conversing in Japanese class, rain or shine, youll need to learn how to talk about the weather. Click the links to hear the pronunciation for each weather-related Japanese vocabulary word or phrase. Japanese Weather Vocabulary Weather tenki Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€" Climate kikou æ °â€"候 Temperature ondo æ ¸ ©Ã¥ º ¦ Sunny hare æ™ ´Ã£â€šÅ' Cloudy kumori 㠁 Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€šÅ  Rain ame é› ¨ Snow yuki é› ª Thunder kaminari é› · Storm arashi Ã¥ µ  Fog kiri éÅ" § Useful Expressions Related to the Weather How is the weather?Tenki wa dou desu ka.Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€"㠁 ¯Ã£  ©Ã£ â€ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š The weather is nice.Yoi tenki desu.よ㠁„å ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its sunny.Harete imasu.æ™ ´Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its cloudy.Kumotte imasu.曇㠁 £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its raining.Ame ga futte imasu.é› ¨Ã£ Å'é™ Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its snowing.Yuki ga futte imasu.é› ªÃ£ Å'é™ Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its hot.Atsui desu.暑㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its humid.Mushiatsui desu.è’ ¸Ã£ â€"暑㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its cold.Samui desu.Ã¥ ¯â€™Ã£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its warm.Atatakai desu.æšâ€"㠁‹ã â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its cool.Suzushii desu.æ ¶ ¼Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Its windyKaze ga tsuyoi desu.é ¢ ¨Ã£ Å'Ã¥ ¼ ·Ã£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š

Biography of Diego Velazquez de Cuellar, Conquistador

Biography of Diego Velazquez de Cuellar, Conquistador Diego Velazquez de Cuellar (1464-1524) was a conquistador and Spanish colonial administrator. He is not to be confused with Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez, the Spanish painter generally referred to simply as Diego Velazquez. Diego Velazquez de Cuellar arrived in the New World on Christopher Columbus Second Voyage and soon became a very important figure in the conquest of the Caribbean, taking part in the conquests of Hispaniola and Cuba. Later, he became governor of Cuba, one of the highest-ranking figures in the Spanish Caribbean. He is best known for sending Hernan Cortes on his journey of conquest to Mexico, and his subsequent battles with Cortes to retain control of the endeavor and the treasures it produced.   Fast Facts: Diego Velzquez de Cuà ©llar Known For: Spanish conquistador and governorAlso Known As: Diego VelzquezBorn: 1465 in Cuà ©llar,  Segovia,  Crown of CastileDied: c. June 12, 1524 in Santiago de Cuba,  Cuba,  New SpainSpouse: daughter of Cristà ³bal de Cuà ©llar Early Life Diego Velazquez was born to a noble family in 1464 in the town of Cuellar, in the Spanish region of Castile. It is probable that he served as a soldier in the Christian conquest of Granada, last of the Moorish Kingdoms in Spain, from 1482 to 1492. Here he would make contacts and gain experience that would serve him well in the Caribbean. In 1493, Velazquez sailed to the New World on Christopher Columbus Second Journey. There he became one of the founders of the Spanish colonial effort, as the only Europeans left in the Caribbean on Columbus First Journey had all been murdered at the La Navidad settlement. Conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba The colonists from the Second Voyage needed land and slaves, so they set about conquering and subjugating the unfortunate native population. Diego Velazquez was an active participant in the conquests first of Hispaniola, and then Cuba. In Hispaniola, he attached himself to Bartholomew Columbus, Christophers brother, which lent him a certain prestige and helped get him established. He was already a rich man when Governor Nicolas de Ovando made him an officer in the conquest of western Hispaniola. Ovando would later make Velazquez governor of the western settlements in Hispaniola. Velazquez played a key role in the Xaragua massacre in 1503 in which hundreds of unarmed Taino natives were slaughtered. With Hispaniola pacified, Velazquez led the expedition to subjugate the neighboring island of Cuba. In 1511, Velazquez took a force of more than 300 conquistadors and invaded Cuba. His chief lieutenant was an ambitious, tough conquistador named Panfilo de Narvaez. Within a couple of years, Velazquez, Narvaez, and their men had pacified the island, enslaved all of the inhabitants, and established several settlements. By 1518, Velazquez was lieutenant governor of the Spanish holdings in the Caribbean and for all intents and purposes was the most important man in Cuba. Velazquez and Cortes Hernan Cortes arrived in the New World sometime in 1504, and eventually signed on to Velazquez conquest of Cuba. After the island was pacified, Cortes settled for a time in Baracoa, the main settlement, and had some success raising cattle and panning for gold. Velazquez and Cortes had a very complicated friendship that was constantly on-and-off. Velazquez initially favored the clever Cortes, but in 1514 Cortes agreed to represent some disgruntled settlers before Velazquez, who felt Cortes was showing a lack of respect and support. In 1515, Cortes dishonored a Castilian woman who had come to the islands. When Velazquez locked him up for failing to marry her, Cortes simply escaped and carried on as he had before. Eventually, the two men settled their differences. In 1518, Velazquez decided to send an expedition to the mainland and chose Cortes as the leader. Cortes swiftly lined up men, weapons, food, and financial backers. Velazquez himself invested in the expedition. Cortes orders were specific: he was to investigate the coastline, look for the missing Juan de Grijalva expedition, make contact with any natives, and report back to Cuba. It became increasingly apparent that Cortes was arming and provisioning for an expedition of conquest, however, and Velazquez decided to replace him. Cortes got wind of Velazquez plan and prepared to set sail immediately. He sent armed men to raid the city slaughterhouse and carry off all the meat, and bribed or coerced city officials to sign off on the necessary papers. On February 18, 1519, Cortes set sail, and by the time Velazquez reached the piers, the ships were already underway. Reasoning that Cortes could not do much damage with the limited men and weapons he had, Velazquez seems to have forgotten about Cortes. Perhaps Velazquez assumed that he could punish Cortes when he inevitably returned to Cuba. Cortes had, after all, left his lands and wife behind. Velazquez had seriously underestimated Cortes capabilities and ambition, however. The Narvaez Expedition Cortes ignored his instructions and immediately set out on an audacious conquest of the mighty Mexica (Aztec) Empire. By November 1519, Cortes and his men were in Tenochtitlan after having fought their way inland and making allies with disgruntled Aztec vassal states as they did so. In July 1519, Cortes had sent a ship back to Spain with some gold but it made a stop in Cuba, and someone saw the loot. Velazquez was informed and swiftly realized that Cortes was trying to fool him once again. Velazquez mounted a massive expedition to head for the mainland and capture or kill Cortes and return command of the enterprise to himself. He placed his old lieutenant Panfilo de Narvaez in charge. In April 1520, Narvaez landed near present-day Veracruz with more than 1,000 soldiers, nearly three times the total that Cortes had. Cortes soon realized what was going on and he marched to the coast with every man he could spare to fight Narvaez. On the night of May 28, Cortes attacked Narvaez and his men, who were dug in at the native town of Cempoala. In a short but vicious battle, Cortes defeated Narvaez. It was a coup for Cortes because most of Narvaez men (fewer than 20 had died in the fighting) joined him. Velazquez had unwittingly sent Cortes what he needed most: men, supplies, and weapons.   Legal Actions Against Cortes Word of Narvaez failure soon reached a dumbfounded Velazquez. Determined not to repeat the mistake, Velazquez never again sent soldiers after Cortes, but rather began to pursue his case through the Byzantine Spanish legal system. Cortes, in turn, counter-sued. Both sides had certain legal merit. Although Cortes had clearly overstepped the bounds of the initial contract and had unceremoniously cut Velazquez out of the spoils, he had been circumspect about legal forms once he was on the mainland, communicating directly with the king. Death In 1522, a legal committee in Spain found in favor of Cortes. Cortes was ordered to pay back Velazquez his initial investment, but Velazquez missed out on his share of the spoils (which would have been vast) and was further ordered to undergo an investigation of his own activities in Cuba. Velazquez died in 1524 before the investigation could be concluded. Legacy Diego Velzquez de Cuà ©llar, like his fellow conquistadores, had a profound impact on the trajectory of Central American society and culture. In particular, his influence made Cuba a major economic center and a location from which further conquests could be made.   Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963.Levy, Buddy. Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma and the Last Stand of the Aztecs. New York: Bantam, 2008.Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Economics of Race and Gender Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics of Race and Gender - Term Paper Example The very reason that Equal Pay Day is being recognized by the Bethlehem branch of the American Association of University Women at Moravian College on 20th of April 2010 in the Haupert Union Building on the North Campus points towards the current need to bridge the wage gap between the salaries of men and women. Funds were raised by holding a bake sale selling cookies in 77 cents to women and same cookies in $1 to women because according to the U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, women working full time earn 77 cents against each dollar earned by men. According to Susan S. McNamara, a retired college administrator of Bethlehem Township and president of AAUW, the wage gap has decreased the real median income of women by more than half million dollars in comparison to men since 1960. This wage gap is more widened in the case of minority women. In comparison to white men, minority African-American women earn 67 cents while African-American men earn 78 cents on the dollar. Hispanic women earn even lower, 58 cents. The reason for selecting 20th of April as Equal Pay Day was to know how much more time women require in a year to earn equal to what men earned the previous year – about additional four months! A number of facilities have been gained through legislation on making of Family and Medical Leave Act and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act besides favorable policies like flextime and telecommuting, which are equally beneficial for employed women and their employers but in the matter of equal paychecks, women still are far behind men. From an economic point of view, according to Catherine Hill, the senior research associate at the AAUW Educational Foundation, â€Å"There's a gap here that economists agree cant be explained away by women's choices.  

Music Copyright & Interband Agreements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Music Copyright & Interband Agreements - Essay Example (c) The Members agree they will act in good faith in connection with any matter relating to the constitution of the group and any of the activities of the Group and any obligation of the Group entered into with third parties. (d) the choice of record company and publishing company and the negotiation of the terms of any long term agreement relating to the professional services of the Group or any promotion or exploitation of any product of or rights in the goodwill and reputation of the Group; (g) the making of any request for or commitment to any significant loan or any other Group financial liability to any party (including any guarantee of third party obligations) and for any purpose in this context the term "significant" shall mean a transaction or series of related transactions or a facility exceeding (e.g. Â £30.00 - insert appropriate amount) whether or not the whole amount thereof is intended be drawn down at any time; 3. (a) Any decision not being within clause 2 or which is otherwise stated to require the unanimous consent of all Members will be decided upon by a majority vote on a show of hands each Member having one vote. (c) If the Group appoints its manager or any other party to adjudicate on any matter which cannot be resolved by voting then a condition of that appointment is that the decision of the adjudicator will be accepted by the Group. (ii). In the case of any ground for expulsion other than fundamental disagreement on Group policy or development the expelled Member must first (if appropriate) have been given a reasonable opportunity to remedy the complaint or to have been warned about his or her activity complained of and the written notice of expulsion must state the reason for the expulsion. (b) If the unanimous decision is given without reasonable cause such as (but not limited to) a material breach of this Agreement or permanent incapacity or a serious criminal conviction or a fundamental

Carl Sandburgs Use of Allusion in Grass Essay -- Poetry Sandburg Poem

Carl Sandburg's Use of Allusion in "Grass" Carl Sandburg's short poem "Grass" represents a metaphor for the disguise of history. The persona tells how histories that have taken place are sooner or later disregarded. The persona tells that the histories should not be disregarded, but be left the way it is as cited in the poem "I am the grass .Let me work." People should notice the events that took place and learn from their mistakes and be better people. The places that are mentioned in the poem are allusions. The allusions are indirect references that Carl Sandburg utilizes to exhibit the seriousness of the past events. Every place that is mentioned in the poem is a well-known bloody fight in wars that claimed many lives. The opening stanza of the poem is a command from the grass to soldiers at war in Austerlitz and Waterloo to kill as many people as they can and shovel them under the grass so that it has enough history to pile under itself and wipe out all the marks of combat. Austerlitz is a village where on Dec. 2, 1805; Napoleon escorted an outnumbered French army to vic...

Microsoft Swot

Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington that develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of products and services related to computing. The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975. Microsoft is the world's largest software maker measured by revenues. It is also one of the world's most valuable companies. Microsoft was established to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800.It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. The company's 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, created an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquir ed Skype Technologies for $8. 5 billion in its largest acquisition to date.  «About Microsoft inc. As of 2012, Microsoft is market dominant in both the PC operating system and office suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including internet search (with Bing), the video game industry (with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles), the digital services market (through MSN), and mobile phones (via the Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft announced that it would be entering the PC vendor market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface tablet computer.In the 1990s, critics began to contend that Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and tying, put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software, and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U. S. Department of Justice and Eu ropean Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws. Microsoft just lost a world-record to Apple. Microsoft was valued to $619 billion during the last tech bubble in 2000, and the current value of Apple is $623 billion – so Apple currently is the most valuable publicly traded company of all time (If you ignore inflation.IBM was worth $1. 3 trillion in 1967 if you adjust for inflation). Microsoft seems to lose more and more of their market shares to competitors. Google's web-browser Chrome is the largest web-browser – Microsoft Explorer has the second place. Is Microsoft the next large tech company to fall into the graveyard of the old once mighty forgotten companies? To find out, one way is to make a SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis StrengthsWeaknesses †¢Strong brand †¢Increasing research and development investments †¢High financial strength†¢Lack of innovations †¢Bugs †¢No proud users OpportunitiesThreats Windows 8 †¢Xbox 720 †¢New logo†¢Piracy †¢Tablets competition †¢Open source model Strengths †¢Microsoft is the number 1 in the following areas: oXbox 360 – 47 percent of the market before Playstation 3 and Nintendo Wii oOffice – 94 percent of the market  «Microsoft. com » oWindows is the largest operating system in the world – 92 percent of the market before Apple with 6 percent  «Microsoft. com » †¢Microsoft may not always be number 1, but they are number 2: oExplorer is the second largest web-browser – behind Google Chrome oBing is the second largest search engine – behind Google Sometimes you don't have a choice. If you are buying a PC today, you are going to buy it with Microsoft Windows pre-installed. If you are working at a large company, you are going to use Microsoft Office †¢Microsoft is a company with a high financial strength: oDistributes a dividend 4 times each year – currently $0. 23 per share oAre buy ing back shares – the 2012 outstanding shares have decreased by 16. 6 percent since 2006 oRevenues in 2012 have increased to $73,723 million from $44,282 million in 2006 oEarnings per share in 2012 have increased to $2. 72 from $1. in 2006  «Can the once mighty Microsoft rise again?  » Weaknesses †¢Lack of innovation. Microsoft and Facebook both spent about $1 billion. Facebook bought Instagram, and Microsoft bought patents  «Microsoft. com » †¢Lack of innovative company culture. The employees are competing with each other – not with other companies – thanks to the management system inside Microsoft that says that everyone in a group can't be top performers. Each unit is forced to declare a certain percentage of employees as top performers, good performers, average, and poor – no matter how good they are.One of the employees said: â€Å"It was always much less about how I could become a better engineer and much more about my need to imp rove my visibility among other managers. †  «Can the once mighty Microsoft rise again?  » †¢Bugs – Microsoft has a reputation for making software with bugs. Everyone can remember when Bill Gates was going to make a presentation and the famous blue screen appeared. Go and check it out here if you have missed it: YouTube. Have you ever seen a similar presentation by Apple?The problem with creating a software such as Windows is that Windows needs to work with many different computers from different manufacturers. It is easier for Apple to create software without bugs since they are manufacturing their own computers †¢No dedicated users. Apple users loves to show that they are using Apple devices, but who's proud of using a device from Microsoft? Opportunities †¢Next generation products such as Windows 8 and Xbox 720 †¢Microsoft has just changed its corporate logo – and the logo now includes a symbol Threats Microsoft is a PC company while mor e and more people are shifting to mobile and tablets. They are trying their best with Surface – their own tablet. It's hard to compete with Apple today since you also have to compete with iTunes Store with millions of apps. If you create a better iPhone competitor, people are still going to use the iPhone because of all the apps available †¢Open source models: oLibre Office is free and as good as Microsoft Office if you are only using the basic functions oOuya – the open source Android video game console may be a low-cost competitor to the Xbox

Computer forensic investigation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4205 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction I am the student of International Advanced Diploma in Computer Studies (IADCS). In this course, I have to do Compute Forensic assignment. The assignment title is Didsbury Mobile Entertainments LTD. This assignment helps me understanding computer forensics investigation and techniques Before this assignment, although I am interested in computer forensic, I am hardly used computer forensics toolkit or done any investigation. Because of this assignment, I have learnt many techniques how to investigate computer and done it practically. So, by doing this assignment, I have gained in practical and much valuable knowledge in Computer Forensics.nd a heartfelt thanks to all the people in Myanma Computer Company Ltd. for their warmly welcome during the period of the IADCS course and this assignment developed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Computer forensic investigation" essay for you Create order Task 1 i) Report DIDSBURY MOBILE ENTERTAINMENTS LTD No(5), Duku place, Singapore Jan 10, 2010 Introduction Computer forensics involves obtaining and analyzing digital information for figuring out what happened, when it happened, how it happened and who was involved. What is more, it is use as evidence in civil, criminal, or administrative cases. Reasons for a need for computer forensic investigation Computer forensics investigation can recover thousands of deleted mails, can know when the user log into the system and what he does, can determine the motivation and intent of the user, can search keywords in a hard drive in different languages and can gain evidence against an employee that an organization wished to terminate. For these reasons, in order to know whether Jalitha has been spending her time on her friend business or not, we need a computer forensic investigation. Steps to pursue the investigation In order to pursue the investigation, I would take the following steps: 1) Secure the computer system to ensure that the equipment and data are safe 2) Find every file on the computer system, including files that are encrypted, protected by passwords, hidden or deleted, but not yet overwritten. 3) Copy all files and work on this copy files as accessing a file can alter its original value 4) Start a detailed journal with the date and time and date/information discovered 5) Collect email, DNS, and other network service logs 6) Analyze with various computer forensics tools and software 7) Print out an overall analysis 8) Evaluating the information/data recovered to determine the case Conclusion After we know the reasons and steps for investigation, then we should move on to conduct the investigation. However, we should note that the first step of investigation is critical as if the system is not secure, then the evidence or data we found may not be admissible. ii a) Report for The procedures to make sure the evidence holds up in court DIDSBURY MOBILE ENTERTAINMENTS LTD No(5), Duku place, Singapore Jan 12, 2010 Introduction Evidence is any physical or electronic information (such as computer log files, data, reports, hardware, disk image, etc) that is collected during a computer forensic investigation. The purpose of gathering evidence is to help determine the source of the attack, and to introduce the evidence as testimony in a court of law. Procedures to make sure the evidence holds up in court In order to make the evidence admissible in court, we need to follow the following steps: 1) Before any evidence can be gathered, a warrant must be issued so that forensic specialist has the legal authority to seize, copy and examine the data 2) Have the responsibility to ensure that the law and the principles we used are met 3) Evidence must be obtained in a manner which ensures the authenticity and validity and that no tampering had taken place 4) Tracking the chain of custody is essential for preparing evidence as it shows the evidence was collected from the system in question, and was stored and managed without alteration. 5) Extracted/ relevant evidence is properly handled and protected from later mechanical or electromagnetic damage 6) Preventing viruses from being introduced to a computer during the analysis process 7) To ensure that original evidence must be described in complete details to present reliable evidence on the court 8) Must arrange to answer reliability questions relating to the software we have used Conclusion In gathering evidence, authenticity, reliability and chain of custody are important aspects to be considered. By following the above steps, we are proper in handling the evidence holds up in court. ii b) Evidence form Didsbury Mobile Entertainments Ltd IT Department Computer Investigation Case No.: 005 Investigation Organization: Gold Star Investigator: Win Pa Pa Aye Nature of Case: Companys policy violation case Location where evidence was obtained: On suspects office desk Description of evidence: Vendor Name Model No./ Serial No. Item #1 One CD Sony Item #2 A 4GB flash memory device Kingston 05360-374.A00LF Item #3 Evidence Recovered by: Win Pa Pa Aye Date Time: 10.12.2009 10:00 AM Evidence Placed in Locker: E2419 Date Time: 15.12.2009 11:00 AM Item # Evidence Processed by Description of Evidence Date/ Time 1 Win Pa Pa Aye Fully recovered deleted email on the drive which is sent to Radasas company, including data exchange between the businesses. 13.12.2009 3:00 PM 2 Win Pa Pa Aye Encrypted document hidden inside a bitmap file. Decrypted and saved on another media. 18.12.2009 9:00 AM 3 Win Pa Pa Aye Password-protected document covering the exchange of information with her friend. Password cracked and file saved on another media. 22.12.2009 2:00 PM Task 2 Report for the way the data is stored, boot tasks and start up tasks for Windows and Linux systems To effectively investigate computer evidence, we must understand how the most popular operating systems work in general and how they store files in particular. The type of file system an operating system uses determines how data is stored on the disk. The file system is the general name given to the logical structures and software routines used to control access to the storage on a hard disk system and it is usually related to an operating system. To know the way the data is stored in Windows XP and Linux, we need to get into file systems of Windows and Linux. The way the data is stored in Windows XP In Windows XP, although it supports several different file systems, NTFS is the primary file system for Windows XP. So, we will have a look in NTFS as the NTFS system offers better performance and features than a FAT16 and FAT 32 system. NTFS divides all useful places into clusters and supports almost all sizes of clusters from 512 bytes up to 64 Kbytes. And NTFS disk is symbolically divided into two parts MFT (Master File Table) area and files storage area. The MFT consumes about 12% of the disk and contains information about all files located on the disk. This includes the system file used by the operating system. MFT is divided into records of the fixed size (usually 1 Kbytes), and each record corresponds to some file. Records within the MFT are referred to as meta-data and the first 16 records are reserved for system files. For reliability, the first three records of MFT file is copied and stored exactly in the middle of the disk and the remaining can be stored anyplace of the disk. The remaining 88% of disk space is for file storage. Below is the partition structure of NTFS system. After we know the file system of Windows XP, then we will move on to the file system of Linux. The way the data is stored in Linux When it comes to Linux file system, ext2 has been the default file system as it main advantages is its speed and extremely robust. However, there is a risk of data loss when sudden crashes occur and take long time to recover. Sometimes the recovery may also end up with corrupt files. By using the advantage of ext2 and add some data loss protection and recovery speed led to the development of journaling file system ext3 and ReiserFs. Though ext2, ext3 and ReiserFs are the most popular file system, there are also some other file system used in the Linux world such as JSF and XFS. As Linux views all file systems from the perspective of a common set of objects, there are four objects superblock, inode, dentry and file. The superblock is a structure that represents a file system which includes vital information about the system. Moreover, it includes the file system name (such as ext2), the size of the file system and its state, a reference to the block device, and meta-data information. It also keeps track of all the nodes. Linux keeps multiple copies of the superblock in various locations on the disk to prevent losing such vital information. Every object that is managed within a file system (file or directory) is represented in Linux as an inode. The inode contains all the meta-data to manage objects in the file system. Another set of structures, called dentries, is used to translate between names and inodes, for which a directory cache exists to keep the most-recently used around. The dentry also maintains relationships between directories and files for traversing file systems. Finally, a VFS (Virtual file system) file represents an open file (keeps state for the open file such as the write offset, and so on). While the majority of the file system code exists in the kernel (except for user-space file systems), (2.3) shows the Linux file system from the point of view of high-level architecture and the relationships between the major file system-related components in both user space and the kernel. The boot task and start up task of Windows XP A good understanding of what happens to disk data at startup is also an important aspect as accessing to a computer system after it was used for illicit reasons can alter the disk evidence. First, we will discuss about the Windows XP startup and boot process, and then shift into the startup and boot process of Linux. Like any other PC system, Windows XP startup by running the POST test, performing an initialization of its intelligent system devices, and performing a system boot process. The boot process begins when the BIOS starts looking through the system for a master boot record (MBR). This record can reside on drive C: or at any other location in the system. When the BIOS execute the master boot record on the hard drive, the MBR examines the disks partition table to locate the active partition. The boot process then moves to the boot sector of that partition located in the first sector of the active partition. There, it finds the code to begin loading the Secondary Bootstrap Loader from the root directory of the boot drive. In NTFS partition, the bootstrap loader is named NTLDR and is responsible for loading XP operation system into memory. When the system is powered on, NTLDR reads the Boot.ini file. If boot.ini contains more than one operating system entry, a boot menu is displayed to the user, allowing the user to choose which operating system is to be loaded. Fig (2.4) shows Boot.ini contains two operating systems and allows user to choose. After the user has selected the desired mode to boot to, NTLDR runs Ntoskrnl.exe and reads Bootvid.dll, Hal.dll and the startup device drivers. After the file system driver has loaded, control is then passed from NTLDR to the kernel. At this time, Windows XP display Windows logo. Virtually, all applications we installed using the default installation decide that they should start up when windows starts. Under Startup tab in the system configuration utility, a list of programs that run when our system boots is listed. Fig (2.6) shows the listed program when our system boots. The boot task and start up task of Linux After we have get into the start up process of Windows XP, we will then shift into the startup process of Linux. In Linux, the flow of control during a boot is also from BIOS, to boot loader, to kernel. When you turn on the power, the BIOS perform hardware-platform specific startup tasks. Once the hardware is recognized and started correctly, the BIOS loads and executes the partition boot code from the designated boot device, which contains Linux boot loader. Linux Loader (LILO) is the Linux utility that initiates the boot process, which usually runs from the disks MBR. LILO is a boot manager that allows you to start Linux or other operating systems, including Windows. If a system has two or more operating systems, LILO gives a prompt asking which operating system the user wishes to initialize. When the user chooses the boot option, it then loads the choosing operating system into memory. The boot program, in turn, reads the kernel into memory. When the kernel is loaded, the boot program transfers control of the boot process to the kernel. The kernel then performs the majority of system setup (memory management, device initialization) before spawning separately, the idle process and scheduler and the init process which is executed in user space. The scheduler takes control of the system management. The init process executes scripts as needed that set up all non-operating system services and structures in order to allow a user environment to be created, and then presents the user with a login screen. We have described about the way the data stored, the boot task and startup task of Windows XP and Linux. After a thorough study of these areas, we can acquire or handle the evidence properly. Task 3 a) Features comparison of EnCase, Access Datas Forensic and ProDiscover Features of Guidance EnCase Forensic * In courts worldwide, forensically acquire data in a sound manner using software with an unparallel record * Using a single tool and investigate and analyze multiple platforms * With prebuilt EnScript modules such as initialized Case and Event Log analysis, it can automate complex and routine tasks, so it save time in analyzing * Find information despite efforts to hide, cloak or delete * Can easily handle large volumes of computer evidence, view all relevant files that includes deleted files, file slack and unallocated space * Directly transfer evidence files to law enforcement or legal representatives as necessary * Include review options that allow non-investigators to review evidence easily * Include report options that enable quick report preparation Features of Access Datas Forensic Toolkit * Provides integrated solution that is no need to purchase multiple tools to complete a case. * Provides integrated database that avoid application crashes, lost work and product instability. * Identify encrypted files automatically from more than 80 applications and crack those files. * Supports international language that allows us easily search and view foreign-language data in our native format * Include email analysis that can recover and analyze a wide range of email and web mail formats * Can generate different industry-standard report formats quickly and concisely * Collect key information from the registry that include user information, date of application installed, hardware, time zone and recently used information * While processing takes place, we can view and analyze data Features of ProDiscover * To keep original evidence safe, it create bit-stream copy of disk for analyzing that includes hidden HPA section * For complete disk forensic analysis, it search files or entire disk including slack space, HPA section and Windows NT/2000/XP alternate data streams * Without alter data on the disk, it can preview all files including metadata and hidden or deleted files * Support for VMware to run a captured image. * In order to ensure nothing is hidden, it examine data at the file or cluster level * To prove data integrity, it can generate and record MD5, SHA1 and SHA256 hashes automatically. * Examine FAT12, FAT16, FAT 32 and all NTFS file systems including Dynamic Disk and Software RAID for maximum flexibility. * Examine Sun Solaris UFS file system and Linux ext2 / ext3 file systems. * Integrated thumbnail graphics, internet history, event log file, and registry viewers to facilitate investigation process. * Integrated viewer to examine .pst /.ost and .dbx e-mail files. * Utilize Perl scripts to automate investigation tasks. * Extracts EXIF information from JPEG files to identify file creators. * Automated report generation in XML format saves time, improves accuracy and compatibility. * GUI interface and integrated help function assure quick start and ease of use. * Designed to NIST Disk Imaging Tool Specification 3.1.6 to insure high quality. AccessData FTK v2.0 Guidance EnCase Forensic 6.0 ProDiscover Forensic Report for Choosing Access Datas Forensic Toolkit I think Access Datas Forensic Toolkit is the most beneficial for our lab as it provides more forensic examination features than Encase and ProDiscover. In the evidence aspects, Access Data can acquire files and folders than others. So, it can be a powerful tool when we analyze files for evidence. Moreover, it uses database to support large volume of data that can avoid application crashes, lost work and product instability for our lab. As Access Data is a GUI-based utility that can run in Windows XP, 2000, Me, or 9x operating system and it demo version has most of the same features as full-licensed version, use multi-threading to optimize CPU usage, has task scheduler to optimize time and can view and analyze data while processing takes place, it meets the requirements of our lab. What is more, it supports international language so we can retrieve data no matter which languages they are using. On top of that, it is powerful in searching, recovery, email and graphic analysis. Because of these reasons and by viewing the above forensic tools comparison chart, I can conclude that Access Datas Forensic Toolkit is the most beneficial for our lab. b) Forensic Analysis Report for Analyzing FAT32, NTFS and CDFS file system Using Access Datas FTK Task 4 a) MD5 hash values of bmp, doc, xls files All hash values generated by the MD5 before modification is not the same with the hash value generated after modification. b) Why hash values are same or different A hash value is a numeric value of a fixed length that uniquely identifies data. Data can be compared to a hash value to determine its integrity. Data is hashed and the hash value is stored. At a later time or after the data has been received from mail, the data is hashed again and compared to the stored hash or the hash value it was sent to determine whether the data was altered. In order to compare the hash values, the original hashed data must be encrypted or kept secret from all untrusted parties. When it compared, if the compared hashed values are the same, then the data has not been altered. If the file has been modified or corrupted, the MD5 produces different hash values. In task 4 (a), first we created a doc file with data in this file, then we generated hash values of doc file with MD5. The hash value of info.doc file is da5fd802f47c9b5bbdced35b9a1202e6. After that, we made a modification to that info.doc file and regenerate the hash values. The hash value after modifying is 01f8badd9846f32a79a5055bfe98adeb. The hash value is completely different after modifying. Then we created a cv.xls file and generated the hash value. Before modifying, the hash value is ef9bbfeec4d8e455b749447377a5e84f. After that we add one record to cv.xls file and regenerated hash values. After modifying, ccfee18e1e713cdd2fcf565298928673 hash value is produced. The hash value changed in cv.xls file after data altered. Furthermore, we created fruit.bmp file to compare the hash value before and after modification. The hash value before modifying is 8d06bdfe03df83bb3942ce71daca3888 and after modifying is 667d82f0545f0d187dfa0227ea2c7ff6. So, the hash values comparison of bmp files is completely different after data has been modified. When we encrypted the text file into each image file, the text file is not visible in the image viewing utility and each image file is like its original image file. However, the comparison of the hash values of each image file before and after inserting short messages is completely different. As each image file has been altered by inserting short message, the regenerated hash value is totally different from the original hash values. On top of that, the original image file size has been changed after inserting short messages. The raster image file has slightly increased its file size after it has been modified. The raster image file size is increased from 50.5 KB to 50.7 KB. However, of the remaining three, two image files vector and metafile have decreased its file size a little sharply. The original file size of vector is 266 KB and has been decreased to 200 KB after modified. The metafile also decreased from 313 KB to 156 KB. Only the bitmap is remains stable as its file size does not increase or decrease. In a nut shell, we can conclude that the hash value would change if the file has been modified. However, depending on the file format, the file size can increase, decrease or remain stable. d) Report for differences of bitmap, raster, vector and metafile A bitmap image is a computer file and it is collected with dots or pixels that form an image. The pixel of bitmap is stored like a grid, tiny square. When we use the paint program, we can see the bitmap pixel is like a block and it is draw or clear block by block. A raster image is also a collection of pixels but the image stored pixels in rows to make it easy to print. And raster image is resolution dependent. It cannot scale up to an arbitrary resolution without loss of apparent quality. This is overcome by the vector image. Vector image is made up of many individual, scalable objects. These objects are defined by mathematical equations rather than pixels, so it always render at the highest quality. There are many attributes in vector like color, fill and outline. The attributes can be changed without destroying the basic object. Metafile is a combination of raster and vector graphics, and can have the characteristics of both image types. However, if you create a metafile with raster and vector and enlarge it, the area of raster format will lose some resolution while the vector formatted area remains sharp and clear. If we have lost an image file, before doing anything, we should be familiar with the data patterns of known image file types. Then the recovery process starts. The first step in recovery is to recover fragments file from slack space and free space. The fragment file can locate the header data that is partially overwritten. So, we use Drivespy to identify possible unallocated data sets that contain the full or partial image header values. To locate and recover the image header, we need to know the absolute starting cluster and ending cluster. If not, we could collect the wrong data. Using Drivespy, we can know started cluster number and file size of image that we want to recover. To know the exact ending cluster, add the total number of clusters assigned to the starting cluster position. As we have known the size of image file, we can calculate the total number of clusters. Then, we can locate the image file and retrieve image header. After we get the header value, open the file with Microsoft Photo Viewer. If the file has been opened successfully, then recovery of image file has been completed. If not, we need to use the Hex Workshop to examine the header of the file. Task 5 Report for Investigation that prove Naomis innocence Before we begin tracing an email, we should know which email is illegal and what constitutes an email crime. Illegal email includes selling narcotics, extortion, sexual harassment, stalking, fraud, child abductions, and child pornography. As Jazebel has received an offensive email, so we need to access the victim computer and copy and print the offensive email to recover the evidence contained in the email. Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express or any other GUI email programs supports for copying the email from inbox to the place that we want to by dragging the message to the storage place. When copying email, the header of the email must be included as it contains unique identifying numbers, such as IP address of the server that sent the message. This helps us when tracing the email. After copy and printing the message, we should retrieve the email header to get the sender IP address. Right click on the message and choose message options to retrieve the email header. The following shows the header information that retrieved from the mail of the victim computer. At line 1(10.140.200.11) shows the IP address of the server sending the e-mail, and provides a date and time that the offending e-mails was sent. Although when we see at line 5, the victim is seemed to be Jezebel, however, line 1 identifies that the e-mail that is sent from the IP address (10.140.200.11) is the same as the victims computer IP address. So, we can conclude that Naomi does not include in sending offensive e-mail. She is innocence and the victim, Jezebel himself, is the one who send the offensive e-mails. References: Computer Forensics Textbook https://www.computerforensicsworld.com/index.php https://www.crime-research.org/library/Forensics.htm https://ixbtlabs.com/articles/ntfs/ www.wikipedia.com