Solving Math Equations - 759 Words

MAT101 Case 4 Revised March 2014 (Dr. Rensvold) INSTRUCTIONS: Read the references found on the Background Info page. Study the examples there, and the ones given below. Work out the problems, showing all the computational steps. This is particularly important for those problems for which the answers are given. On those problems, the correct procedure is the only thing that counts toward the assignment grade. SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS BY FACTORING. References: Waner, 2007 Examples: E1: x 4 0.(x 2)(x 2) 0.The two factors are (x+2) and (x-2). If EITHER is equal to zero, the corresponding value of x is a root.Solving the two factors for x:(x+2)=0 x=-2(x-2)=0 x 2The two roots (solutio22ns) are x=2 and x=-2.ANS: x= 2Checking:(2) 4 4 4 0(-2) 4 4 4 0 E2: x 6.x x 6 0. (Must be in this form.)(x+2)(x-3)=0The two factors are (x+2) and (x-3). Checking:(x+2)(x-3)=x 3x 2x 6 x x 6.If EITHER is equal to zero, the corresponding value of x is a root.Solv222ing the two factors for x:(x+2)=0 x=-2(x-3)=0 x 3The two roots (solutions) are x=-2 and x=3ANS: x=-2 or +3.Checking:(x) x 6(-2) ( 2) 4 2 6(3) (3) 9 3 6 Problems 1 through 5: Find the roots (values of x when the expression is equal to zero) using factoring. Prove your answers are correct by checking, or showing that the values of x you computed satisfy the original equation. 1. X(4x 25) = 0 X = 0Show MoreRelatedSolving Math Equations: Module 4616 Words   |  2 PagesRensvold) A companys costs, in millions of dollars, are given by the equation, C = x2 3x 27, where x is the number of items sold, in thousands. What are the costs when 1,000 items are sold? 1,500 items? (Hint: If the number of items sold is 1000, then x=1. C = 12 3(1) 27 C = 1.52 - 3(1.5) - 27 = 1 -3 27 = 2.25 4.5 - 27 C = -29 C = -29.25 $29 million $29,250,000 A companys costs, in millions of dollars, are given by the equation, C = x2 3x 27, where x is the number of items sold, in thousands.Read MoreWhat Was Done By The Faculty Member And / Or Students?909 Words   |  4 Pagesbegan writing out and solving homework problems with an overhead projector. One student walked into class late, Ms. Connelly addressed it quickly with little disruption to the class. The student looked around the room and realized the other students had their homework out and he did the same. Ms. Connelly continued to work out homework problems step by step on the overhead projector. While doing this Ms. Connelly asked questions about the steps she used to solve the math equation and randomly calledRead MoreCurrent Performance Level Case Study900 Words   |  4 Pagescomplete thought and sentence. Math: Tia works to answer 2 step word problem that involve addition, subtraction and multiplication. Tia is having success with identifying   the appropriate numbers and keywords within a two step word problems. Tia has shown success with identifying the correct operation and numbers when forming her equation specifically when working with addition and subtraction word problems. Tia shows success with forming and solving equation with and without regrouping. Tia showsRead MoreThe History of Algebra916 Words   |  4 Pagesusing in our daily usage of algebra. In ancient civilization math was used to help leaders to strategically form how their troops should be lined up for battle and help decide how to attack their enemies. Algebra was used in the many of these civilizations: Egypt, Babylon, Greece, India, Europe, and most parts of the Middle East. In Egypt, the Egyptians used mathematics which included Algebra to solve equivalent to a linear equation. They solved problems without u sing symbols but rather statedRead MoreBasic Guiding Principles From California Common Core State Standards For Mathematics Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesin your own words the importance of these principles - Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them- The importance of this principle is that students must be able to deeply understand a problem by themselves this ensure that the student can analyze the problem and plan on how the will solve it. Reason abstractly and quantitatively- It’s important that students are able to pause during solving the problem and continue to analyze, reflect and strategize for the solution as needed. ConstructRead MoreMath Problems Into Real World Scenarios Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them- The importance of this principle is that students must be able to deeply understand a problem by themselves this ensure that the student can analyze the problem and plan on how the will solve it. 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively- It’s important that students are able to pause during solving the problem and continue to analyze, reflect and strategize for the solution as needed. 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoningRead MoreNiels Abel and Some of His Work703 Words   |  3 Pagesmathematicians come and go, but only a few remembered for their great accomplishments. Niels Henrik Abel is one of the greatest mathematicians that have influenced modern mathematics, solving and creating theorems, like the Abelian-Ruffini theorem and Abels theorem, and formulas/equations, like the abel equation, Abel’s inequality. He started discovering and creating these at a young age. Niels Abel was born in Norway, in a neighborhood parish, to Georg Abel, who was a pastor with a degree inRead MoreProblems Faced By Algebra And The State Test1396 Words   |  6 Pagesthis issue, many states including Georgia turned to the Common Core Curriculum, which emphases on critical thinking rather than just simple calculation. One standard in coordinate algebra indicates that high school freshmen to be able to: â€Å"Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems† (Georgia Department of Education, 2014). However, the ninth-graders have shown difficulties mastering this concept in the past three consecutive end of course tests. To illustrate thisRead MoreClass Obervation on Reading Comprehension Skills1062 Words   |  4 Pagesgoals for that day’s lesson. The overall goal of the course is to improve reading comprehension skills, increase math problem solving skills, and develop a strong ability to combine the two and further d iscussion skills. The goal of that day’s lesson was to work on reading strategies: scanning, identifying main ideas, and understanding details of different math word problems and equations. The instructor mentioned that there are only 10 people in the class and almost all of them are between the agesRead MoreMy Home Country Korea Has A Reputation For Its Intense Education System Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagesits intense education system. When I was in high school, I used to go to school at 7am, finish class at 4pm, and have self-study time in school until 10pm. The main reason I needed to study that long was because of math and especially Calculus. Calculus took more than half of the math course and therefore was a crucial subject. Experiencing Korean Calculus course is not an experience most students here in Miami can have, so I would like to introduce what is what like, how it was different from MTH

Case Study for BALLI Supply, Inc Example

Essays on Case Study for BALLI Supply, Inc Case Study BALLI Supply INC. Financial Analysis Before making investment decision, a potential investor has to consider the expected return on the investment by analyzing the performance of the firm. Ratio analysis is one of the ways through which an investor can use to determine whether to invest or not invest in a company (Reilly 56). The use of various accounting ratios or parameters can result into conflicting results. However, investors will make the decision based on the factor it considers most pressing. Trend Analysis for Net Sales and Net Income Taking 2006 as the base year, it would be advisable to invest in the stock of BALLI. In 2006, the net sales $137634 and increased throughout to $244524 in 2010. This is percentage increase in 77.66% compared to the 2006 sales, a value that is significant and therefore worth investing in. A trend analysis in the net sales shows a continuous increase. However, the increase in the net sales has been in a declining percentage. The fact that the increases are positive makes the investments worth. Considering the net income as a parameter of making the investment, the investments would be worth. This is because the net income rose throughout the years from $4430 in 2006 to $8039 in 2010, a 81.47% increase. The net income also increased by 20% between 2009 and 2010. The return on the investors’ income is therefore worth and positive. Profitability Analysis Return on assets and that on shareholders equity are two profitability ratios that can be used in evaluating investment decisions. Investing in BALLI stock would be unprofitable if return on assets is considered as the determinant. In 2006, BALLI realized a return on assets of 9.6% which is above all the other percentages from 2007 to 2010 i.e. 9.6% in 2006 is higher than 9.2% in 2010. The return on equity also changed adversely from 22.4% in 2006 to 21.6% in 2010. Any rate below 22.4% would lead to non-investment in the company, as the 2006 rate is the base rate. Measuring Ability to Sell Inventory The ability to sell inventory is measured by the inventory turnover. Inventory turnover measures the duration taken by a company in holding stock before they are sold (Reilly 59). A higher inventory turnover is healthy since it increases the speed at which stock is sold hence increasing the sales turnover. In the case of BALLI, the inventory turnover improved from 6.25 to 7.7 in 2010. The inventory turnover was 7.03, 7.29, and 7.78 in 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively. All these values are above the base rate turnover hence this parameter will make investors put their resources in the company. Measuring Ability to Pay Debts Ability to pay debts is measured by considering the liquidity ratio. The current ratio can be used to help in arriving at the investment decision. In 2006, BALLI had current ratio of 1.3 while the rate in 2010 was 0.9. The current ratio remained below that of the base year throughout the period. Investing in BALLI would therefore pose liquidity threat, as the current assets are insufficient to pay the current liabilities making the investment not worth. Measuring Dividends Dividend is the amount of returns distributed to the shareholders of the firm. Investors who refer at the amount of dividends paid will consider the amount of dividends paid when making investment decisions. In 2006, BALLI paid a dividend of 0.16, 0.20 in 2007, 0.24 in 2008, 0.28 in 2009, and 0.30 in 2010. The increase in the amounts of dividends paid will make the investment be pursued. Investment decision requires a comprehensive analysis into the performance of the firm. Ratios can be used in making the decisions. The investors’ expectation will however determine the most important parameter to use in the analysis. Appendix Calculation of the inventory turnover Year Inventory turnover= 2006 =6.25 2007 =7.03 2008 =7.29 2009 =7.78 2010 =7.7 Work Cited Reilly, Frank K.. Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. 2nd ed. Chicago: Dryden Press, 2005. Print.

Captain scott Free Essays

Robert Falcon Scott was born on June 6,1868. Everyday he rode to school by his pony, Beep. Sometimes he slipped from his horse, but he never afraid with that. We will write a custom essay sample on Captain scott or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the age of fifteen Scott became a midshipman. He began to conquered his bodily weakness and his childish faults in the navy. In 1891 he graduate from the amnion and he get a lieutenant. Scott was plan this trip to south pole with Sir Clement and everything will prepared. Scott has a high standard of conduct, Intelligence, scientific, knowledge and qualities of adventure in the Antarctic. In the other hand Scott was assured of a fine career in the Ana and he realized that the expedition to the pole would give him new and exciting experience, and also opportunities for scientific research, so he accepted the advice of Sir Clement. Everything will prepared seriously because this Journey became extreme round trip, so it make him very busy. Actually he ship, it was brought from Scotland to London, named â€Å"Discovery’. The expedition began from London through Atlantic Ocean and arrived in new Zealand. Then over Rose sea, for the further journey they took several dogs, ponies, sledge and another thing they need. In the first expedition Scott lose three member of his party. Trip or the pole was got extreme weather and it become serious problem to us. They study everything in south pole, one of this are about magnetism, meteorological observations, and animal live, also any other aspect. Aftermath they were sail for home and Scott had done splendidly, and he return to find himself famous. The year between first and second Journey, coot married with Miss Kathleen Bruce, artist and sculptor in 1908. On September 14, 1909 coot’s son was born and name Peter Markham Scott. In the second Journey he took another ship, named â€Å"Terra nova† and he prepared all with seamen. The second trip need more power because it happen in winter,and it like the first. When they arrived the centre pole they put country flag. In the other hand they get a new experience, but in another hand they got difficulties return from the pole. Winter season make them very ill,day by day conditions grew worse and sometimes they took ore than an hours to drag the sledge a mile. Even in this condition they still to write anything about their condition it seem that they will die. In fact Just only few alive on the return Journey. Comment I think the story is very attractive to know because about the explore to Antarctic. Perhaps hardly ever everyone go there. The story give us about description in the Antarctic. Antarctic is the centre of magnetism and have extreme temperature that somebody never alive in there. It also get us information about discipline to arrange everything we need. How to cite Captain scott, Papers

On the oversea Merger and Acquisition of China Company (6007 words) Essay Example For Students

On the oversea Merger and Acquisition of China Company (6007 words) Essay On the oversea Merger and Acquisition of China CompanyOn the oversea Merger and Acquisition of China Company1. IntroductionThe global economic integration and global economic liberalization has promoted the fast growth of international merger acquisition (MA). With the deep development of global economy, MA is booming like rising wind and scudding cloud, which has became one of the most important impetus of foreign direct investment (FDI) theories and global economic development. Therefore, comprehensive analyses of relevant theories and practices as well as relevant summaries of experience and lessons in these activities are of big significance. Especially in China, all of those will do much favor in the aspect of improving Chinese enterprises proficiency in the worldwide competition. Despite of some limitations, the features of this dissertation can be summarized as follows:On the basis of related theories of international M;A, this paper chooses some innovative but important prob lems in oversea M;A activities such as financial strategic issues, financial risks and performance appraisal, which are rarely covered in existing literatures on this subject. The study on the financial problems of Chinese oversea M;A is closely according to both successful and failed cases of Chinese enterprises which show a scientific attitude of this dissertation towards this subject. This dissertation has filled in some blank arrears in this subject and hence it has preferable value to helping Chinese enterprises to improve multinational operation and build up global competitiveness in the world. 1.1Research backgroundStigler G. J. (1993) has conducted an investigation on the American large enterprises and pointed out that almost all the large enterprises researched were beneficial from the manner of M;A to some extent and almost all the American large enterprises did not depend mainly on internal expansion to make a difference. Despite the American large enterprises, historically speaking, the development of all the international enterprises across the world had demonstrated this argument and in some degree the history of international enterprises is the history of international M;A. So far there have existed five significant M;A waves in the history since 1870s. The first one occurred in 1870s and the period from 1898 to 1903 was the highlight of it. The first one was focused on the M;A in homogeneous industries which was actually horizontal M;A. The second one, on the contrary, was vertical which happened among enterprises of different levels in homogeneous industry. It ex isted from about 1916 to 1929. Moreover monopolies also appeared in several industries during the second period. From 1950s to the end of 1960s, the third M;A stream happened and it featured M;A diversification among different industries rather than homogeneous industry. From the middle of 1970s to 1980s, it was the time of the fourth one and it was characteristic of hostile takeover and leverage buyout through wide use of financial instrument. With the fast development of globalization, investment liberalization, international trade liberalization and capital market integration, a new highlight happened from the middle of 1990s till now. Compared with the former ones, the latest has many special characteristics. Firstly the scale of it is rather large. From the year of 1990 to the year of 2004, the number of M;A cases across the world has increased from 9000 to 20000 and the money used in relevant fields of M;A has also rose from 290 billion dollars to 1844 billion dollars. According the data from Dealogic which serves as the supplier of global financial data, the total money spend on M;A across the world in 2005 reached 2900 billion dollars which increased by 40% compared with that in 2004 and ranked number one during the period from the year of 2000 till now. Moreover, the money spent on single M;A case has also reached the top of its history. For example, in 2000 American Online purchased Time Warner at the cost of 155 billion dollars. In 1999, Pfizer spent 82.4 billion dollar on the purchase of Warner-Lambert. Exxon took over Mobil at the cost of 8.14 billion dollar in 1998. Then the second characteristic is that the horizontal type of M;A captures the predominant position. Most of the existing M;A events have adopted horizontal manner, namely M;A among homogeneous industry and took place on a large scale. Furthermore, these M;A events have promoted the birth of the largest oil company, the largest financial organisation and the largest electronic communication corporation across the world. Then another characteristic is that M;A is covering more and more industries. The fifth stream not only included emerging industries takeovers of traditional industries but also could be seen in some fields with highly dense technology and capital, such as private care market, financial service, air transportation, oil market and voyage facilities market. International MA has covered those fields frequently. In addition, the electronic communication industry covered one third of the contemporary total MA activities in the year of 2000. Then the MA within emerging industries showed most active and successful. To emerging industry, the technological innovation and development play a crucial role in their survival and sustainability. However, the life cycle of products has decreased much; additionally the risk and cost in the innovation of advanced technologies have increased. In order to obtain new technologies and capture new market share quickly, many enterprises chose the manner of takeover, because its advantages of saving much money spend on development and trade. Moreover this manner also can overcome the shortcoming of incompletion of middle product market and quickly benefit from the products through the expansion of market scale. The last characteristic is the change in the frequency of takeover across the world. Unlike previous time, takeover seemed to be more active in the developing countries rather than in the developed countries. In developed countries this action shows a tendency to decrease while in developing countries it is more and more active. In China the fact that many multinational enterprises take over local ones is not fresh and some excellent enterprises born under the context of opening policy also begin to take over foreign ones. With the help of the strategic policy of opening, Chinese economy received a rapid development and many enterprises began keeping their eyes on outer markets and showed a great interest in entering foreign countries. Since the entry into WTO, with the hope of developing them and gaining global competitive advantages through oversea MA activities, a growing number of Chinese enterprises treated MA as the main manner to conduct foreign direct investment. For example, CNOOC has taken over Unocal, PetrolChina has taken over the PK Petrol Company, TCL purchased the color TV operation of Thomson and Lenovo Company has taken over the PC (private computer) department of IBM. According to data released by Chinese Ministry of Commerce in 2005, there were more than 100 enterprises applied the manner of MA and the money invested in oversea takeover increased fast by the range of 70% in the passed 4 years. Oversea MA has become the most popular way for Chinese enterprises to realize their going out strategy. Oversea takeover covered 54.7% of the total foreign direct investment in 2004. From accurate data, the money used in purchase of foreign companies has increased by 50% in China in the year of 2003, which has reached 7 billion dollars. In general, Chinese enterprises oversea M;A activities all possess a clear strategic and planned intention, aiming at improving their competitive advantages in both the domestic and global market as well as getting diffe rent rare and useful resources. Nevertheless, Chinese enterprises MA strategies are always confronted with a lot trouble. Some received a little achievement while some had to stop in the half way and another even was bogged down in the risk of high loss. The reasons are various but the main ones are the following two aspects. On the one hand, there existed a great gap between Chinese capital market and international capital market, which resulted in the difficulty of financing in oversea takeover. On the other hand, they put all of their energies in the overall strategic objectives while overlook explicit financial designs and detailed plans. Moreover, the lack of professional experts in international MA and skills in financing, the lack of analyses and precaution against the financial risks during the MA process and the lack of ability to improve performance and gain benefits are also serious barriers in the way of Chinese enterprises oversea M;A. 1.2The research aims and objective sFacing serious situations, most Chinese enterprises are still unaware of their own situations in the world, and could not clearly design their financial strategies as well as relevant financial requirements. The consideration of relevant payment ways and financing channels are usually set away. Then Chinese enterprises lack an overall assessment about all kinds of risks and prepare no effective measures, which usually result in the financial problems, loss and bankrupt not speak to realize the previous strategic intentions. In addition, they have not achieved an effective way of performance appraisal These all are the key barriers in the way of Chinese enterprises oversea MA and these also are the objectives that this dissertation will be focused on. From the above mentioned introduction of Chinese background, Chinese enterprises oversea M;A was mainly prevented by financial problems. For one thing, the domestic financial market lacks complete financing channels which made those en terprises have to face serious capital problems. For another, the lack of professionals in the field of international financial management, vague strategies and poor skills all have limited the performance of Chinese M;A practices. Do Chinese enterprises have no hope to conduct successful M;A? How can they manage to overcome their financial barriers? This dissertation chooses the financial perspective and explores the financial problems in Chinese enterprises MA so as to demonstrate that it is feasible for Chinese enterprises to conduct successful MA. In addition, this dissertation also makes detailed suggestions for them. Recently, the research on oversea MA in China from the financial standpoint is still a new field which few have stepped in. However, the study of them has several practical and academic values. This dissertation will analyze these financial problems and hence help Chinese enterprises to make clear their own positions in the world and provide helpful experience and constructive advice in order to promote the further development of Chinese enterprises M;A. moreover, this dissertation is also aimed to fill in the academic blanks in Chinese research on this field and offer some useful references for the subsequent scholars. 2. Literature review2.1The definition and type of oversea Merger and Acquisition Oversea Merger and Acquisition is the strategic behaviors to adjust the borders and scale of enterprises, which can improve the core competitiveness and improve the sustainable profitability. Oversea Merger and Acquisition can divide into three types, that is to say, horizontal merger and acquisition, vertical mergers and acquisitions, and mixed mergers and acquisitions. The horizontal merger is engaged in similar business merger between the two companies in order to enhance economies of scale and market share. The vertical mergers refer to the merger and acquisition activity of expand the companys merger and acquisition prior to or after the merger-related. Mixed merger is the merger and acquisition activity engaged in business activities related to the type of business. 2.2The oversea Merger and Acquisition theory 2.2.1 Motivation theoryThe forces of MA will vary from case to case. However, from the ex isting researches, organizations may conduct MA based on the forces of efficiency, market advantage, descent in trade cost and other factors. Before the descriptions of the following theories, the author identified A Company as the subject that will take over others in the MA and B Company as the object which will be taken over by A. (1) Efficiency theoryWestern scholars received more achievements than Chinese scholars in this field. Weston and other western scholars claimed that corporate MA and replacement of social asset will not only bring potential benefits for the whole society but also result in improvement of efficiency for both the two sides in a deal. Briefly speaking, this theory concludes five secondary theories:The first one is called the theory of synergistic effect on management and it is the incomes arising from increase in efficiency of management through corporate MA activities. This theory proved a positive phenomenon that the improvement in managerial efficiency will bring a growth of corporate profits. This phenomenon can always be seen in the horizontal MA practice. Because the management of resources requires cooperation of certain group and a special managerial method can only perform in a special industry, the synergistic effect will occur when adding the surplus managerial resources of A company to B company whose efficiency of resources organization is relatively low. Lewellen, Loderer Rosenfeld (1985) concluded that there existed a positive relationship between the profits gained by MA and enterprises managerial capacities. This finding supported this theory from other angles and makes this theory more telling. The theory of synergistic effect on operation is the second one. This theory believed that M;A can bring changes in efficiency of operation and the improvement of efficiency will also result in a series of benefits, especially the scale benefit and scope benefit. Unlike the theory of synergistic effect on management, such effect is prevailing on manufactures adopted vertical M;A method. Because manufactures have all kinds of products, the complementary cooperation will create synergistic effects. In addition, owing to taking over several complementary resources from the rivals like the market shares, brands and technologies, synergistic effect on operatio n will also be likely to happen. The third is theory of synergistic effect on finance. This theory convinced that M;A will bring many financial benefits for enterprises. These benefits did always derive from interaction among inherent rules of tax law, accounting treatments practices and securities and this effect usually occurs in the form of pure economic benefits. Myers and Majluf (1984) believed that the financing cost will descend through change the outer financing into inner financing within the field of an enterprise and this way will enhance the synergistic effects on finance and reduce the risks of financing. Next is about diversification theory. It believes that corporate M;A is likely to be caused by the diversification of organizational leaderships and other personnels requirements. Since the organizational leaderships and other personnel can not distract their risks through the capital market like corporate shareholders, they can only turn to diverse kinds of operation in order to increase the benefits of their companies. According to several researches, the diversification of operation in some degree will be doomed to bring about an improvement in corporate performance while an increase in excess will lead to descent in the performance. Generally speaking, diversification can be realized through both M;A and inner development. However, under the context that lacks necessary resources and that industry requirements are saturated, the M;A is a wiser method to capture positive opportunities to realize diversification. Therefore, M;A forced by this factor can exist at any time. The last one is underassessment of true value theory. This theory believes that the happening of M;A is based on the reason that A Company recognized the market prices of B Company was lower than Bs inherent true value. This phenomenon may arise from the following aspects. Firstly, the B Company has not fully developed its own potential. Then maybe the A company has obtained s ome inner information on Bs inherent true value which is not released in public. At last, it may be caused by difference between market price and cost replacement which because of factors like inflation. Tobin J identified the ratio of them as Q-Ratio namely the ratio between stock price and replace cost. When the Q-Ratio of B Company is higher than one, the possibility of M;A is lower. Otherwise the possibility of being taken over is higher. Should We Have Dropped The Atomic Bomb? EssayUnbalance in foreign investment theory: this argument was proposed by Thomas W. Roehl in the year of 2001. Roehl demonstrated the importance of FDI during the forming process of corporate competitive advantages from the perspective of balance of corporate asset. This theory suggests that those enterprises with relative unbalance of assets like the lack of technological advantages and the lack of ability to scaled economic benefits should adopt the manner of FDI to gain the compensative assets in the foreign markets and hence to balance its corporate assets, greatly improve competitive abilities and fundamentally enhance its strategic situation. Therefore, FDI is an effective way for inferior enterprises in developing countries to enhance their competitive power and catch up with others. 3. Methodology3.1Research PhilosophyThis paper is used the positivism research philosophy. To master the research philosophy can help the researcher have better understanding how choose the research methods to be implementing in the project, so the whole research strategy is clarified. And a better understand of the research philosophy enable us better creative idea in either selection or adaptation of methods which is outside the researchers experience. 3.2Research MethodThere are two distinctive research methods, that is, qualitative and quantitative research methods. The former focuses on the study in which the information that is gathered is done so in a descriptive method. The second method is the quantitative research method. This study will try to incorporate all the needed information and thus will combine both the qualitative and quantitative research method. While the research will be using statistical means for the interpretation of the data, descriptive assessment will also be combined to give the researcher more insight concerning the oversea Merger and Acquisition of China Company. 3.3Data Collection Design3.3.1 Secondary data designThe researcher first identified the scope of the literature, and then searched the information targeted. The sources and the time of the information can be limited for collecting the valuable and the typically significant information, Chinese and foreign languages included. The materials com e from the academic achievement at home and abroad, such as the academic works related and the journal papers. The data base of Academic Research Library of Proudest Company and the sites (www.emeraldinsight.com ) are also used to search for the available things.The researcher inspected and studied the related books and papers carefully, through the library information network and the search engine to guarantee the reliability and validity of the information.Due to the difficulty in obtaining the quantities information, quality information was used in this research. The literature cited in the study, as well as the legal provisions possibly to be used will be marked with the author, provenance, and the date of the publication or the promulgation. The validity and reliability of the data to be used for research were ensured by the author.This project at least needs five or six weeks to be completed. In the first week, the author gathered useful data and literature, discussed with sup ervisor for main directions and then completed literature review, first draft and final version in the time order. 3.3.2 Primary data designFor the dissertation is supposed to use the cases of Lenovo and TCL. The author interviewed with senior mangers and staff in both of them and their competitors as well as some authorized experts in this field to gain more accurate information. The following is about some selected opinions of them:Liu chuan zhi, former President of Lenovo hold it that one crucial factor of this acquisition is that IBM is anxious to set apart its PCD and sell it to Lenovo. And because of this factor, the acquisition is not likely to be replicated. Yang Yuan qing, the present of Lenovo, believes that cooperation of Lenovo and IBM should comprise brand, scale and efficiency. Ward, former IBM PCD president, the incumbent CEO of the new Lenovo, comments that Lenovo and IBM can compliment each other in the intercontinental markets on the basis of IBMs market networkOne of the employees from the former Lenovo also considers the acquisition as a positive move with high risk and hopes that it will turn out to a successOne of the employees from former IBMs PCD is not optimistic about this acquisition and the doubts whether Lenovo is competent of acquiring IBMs PCD and whether Lenovo is able to fairly pay the staff of IBMs PCD, many of whom are thinking of switching jobs. One of the distributors of Lenovo takes the acquisition as a positive thing for Lenovos channels for it will provide Lenovo with more channels as well as deduce Lenovos competitors. Meanwhile, both Lenovo and IBM have to acquaint themselves with each others channels. Dell is the one of the main competitors of Lenovo in Chinese market. The president of Dell forecasts that Lenovos acquisition of IBMs PCD is not likely to achieve success since most cases of acquisition in the PC industry ended up with failureSunqiufang, Marketing Director of AMD, China, states that since both Lenovo and IBM are clients of AMD the acquisition will promote, instead of hampering, cooperation between AMD and Lenovo. To sum up, insiders and distributors are optimistic towards the acquisition while competitors hold pessimistic view about it, employees diverge in this issue and suppliers make a few remarks while perspectives of professional experts from academics are more or less optimistic. Philippe de Marcillac, vice president of IDCs international business views that Lenovo acquired IBMs PCD in a perfect time Timothy Bresnahan, economist from Stanford University considers the acquisition as a inspiring phenomenon when Sino-American relations become increasingly complexChenmingjian, CEO of The East High St. comments that this acquisition is the landmark signifying that Chinese enterprises establish themselves in the global IT industryThe CEO of TCL, Dongsheng Li, said that this period is the most difficult stage in the history of TCL Barron. a famous German economic analyst said, Schineider Electric taken over by TCL has a preserving social image which was considered less advanced than TCL in public. The impulse of quick entry into oversea market and the fetishism of foreign famous brands made TCL spend little time on professional and deliberate examinations, which are doomed to result in lost. 3.4Limitations and further studyConsidering the limitation of the time and the accessible academic resources, it is a not-so-perfect dissertation to express the authors thinking and research works. If there are more enough time and investigation and analysis, there will be a more perfect one.The author knows clearly that the problem that Chinese enterprises face both in the integration process and more importantly, after the integration, is complex and challenging. Chinese oversea M;A activities at present are inclined to fail. The reason leading to the failure is interesting and valuable. From western M;A, Chinese enterprises can learn many things to promote their acquisition more effectively and economically. In the context of fierce industrial competition, how to respond properly to the competitors market activities is also a problem which in this paper is not enough described. In addition, the problems occurring in the process of performance appraisal are also not involved becaus e the lack of necessary materials.The feasibility for Chinese enterprises to conduct oversea MA activities has been proved true and relevant recommendations are also given. However, they are too simple and summarized and academic, further study should pay more attention on the appraisal of these measures. One aim of the system engineering is to study how one organization to suit the uncertain external circumstance by means of adjusting its own objectives and products strategies. For example, in terms of the case of Lenovo, in an atmosphere which stresses the collectivism, how to integrate the Research and Development and Engineering power of IBM PCD and not loss its creativity and inspiration and technology-oriented culture is one of the most important challenges. The low-end brand image Lenovo possesses also needs profound internal changes and revolutions, which needs a comprehensive solution. In this dissertation, there are more assessment and analysis of the acquisition than a cl ear responding strategy, even if the assessment and analysis is the basis of further works. So the further work the author thinks should contain the following four aspects: a comprehensive comparison and learning of different MA cases; a proper response mechanism to the progressive and ambitious market activities; a proper integration of different culture and thinking; how to establish a high-end brand image using comprehensive methods such as the ads, the cooperation with the sports activities. In conclusion, the further work can focus on the formation and implementation of a clear and comprehensive acquisition strategy. 4. findings and discussion4.1case study :overseas M A of TCL Group 4.1.1 brief introduction of TCL Group4.1.2 overseas M A Events of TCL Group4.2overseas M A of color TV of TCL Group4.2.1 industry background 4.2.2 overseas Mergers and acquisitions of Schneider 4.2.2.1 brief introduction of transactions each other 4.2.2.2 M A process of TCL Schneider 4.2.2.3 motives analysis of TCL M A Schneider4.2.2.4 findings and discussion on the TCL Schneider merger (1)The feasibility of oversea MA for TCL Schneider mergerAnalyses from the angle of motivation theoryAnalyses from the angle of FDI theory(2) Financial strategic problems in oversea MA activitiesBasic knowledge of financial strategyTypical findings in China(3)Chinese enterprises financial strategic problems in oversea M;A activitiesFinancial environment of oversea M;AFinancial strategies of oversea M;A(4) problems of TCL M ; A SchneiderThe selection of B (the objective in M;A) is inappropriateThe price is unreasonableLack the abil ity to control the financial risksMuch trouble in integration after M;ALack of the assist of professional intermediaries(5)Risks of M;AGlobal findingsAnalyses of Chinese enterprises MA risksChapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation5.1 Overseas M A strategic choice 5.2 Partner Selection 5.3 The target companys assets assessment 5.4 Overseas M ; A low-key strategy 5.5 Overseas M ; A Cultural IntegrationReferences

Ethnic Groups and Conflicts

The conflict between whites and blacks is not devoid of social perception, conformity, and social recognition as crucial components. This conflict has been witnessed in countries that have citizens with both white and black origins. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnic Groups and Conflicts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In many countries, such as the United States of America and South Africa, the conflict between the two ethnic groups has been bad, and in some cases has turned out to be ugly with members engaging violently. The conflicts between members of different ethnic groups have been attributed to social class, politics, and old stereotypes as practiced by most people. The conflicts, sometimes, arise when a group that feels discriminated against in a given political or social field tries to strengthen its position. In the African countries for example, the conflict between whites and blacks are mainly attributed to the fact that whites are known to have colonized most of the nations in the continent. The process of colonization is known to have been characterized by cruel treatment of the African slaves (Turnbull, 1965). On the other hand, the conflicts in the two American continents originate from the fact that the whites are historically known to have been the slave masters of the blacks. As slave masters, the whites subjected blacks to miserable living conditions. The fact that this happened a long time ago is not a reason strong enough to heal the wounds to enable members of the ethnic communities to live in peace. There are people in one group who look down upon those in the other group. It is also important to note here that there are those who have developed a feeling of inferiority. This has, in the end, resulted in conflicts that have prompted them to acquire a given level of social status (Shiraev Levy, 2010). Conformity in Blacks and Whites Conformity refers to a s tate of life in which people are compelled by circumstances around them to change their attitudes, and their general behaviour. This is usually done with the aim of holding onto a given social or group norm. According to Shiaev and Levy (2010), it is a natural human conformity approach for people to develop the need to maintain positive relationships with those around them. This has a final target of ensuring that the majority are accommodated. Under conformity, it is known that people tend to surmount the obstacles that exist, and which block them from living according to the expectations of the society. Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This enables people to live in good graces with other members of the society who are of different ethnic origin. Judgment is usually employed when there is a feeling that failure to change one’s natural behavior can result in a non-posi tive consequence by the members of the other ethnic community. This explains why, for example, whites tend to practice lifestyles common among the blacks whenever they visit African countries. This involves, among many other aspects, the way their dressing is done. It has also been witnessed in American politics that certain blacks have rallied behind certain white candidates for elective posts to avoid situations that would be interpreted in ethnic terms. When people embrace such behavior, there is a general reduction in the tension that would otherwise build up between the members of the two different ethnic groups (Verkuyten, 2005). Relationship between Social Perception and Social Cognition It can be stated here that social perception is an element that falls under social cognition. Through this element, an individual finds it possible to perceive the manner in which people from other ethnic groups carry out their duties within a given social world. Social cognition refers to â€Å"the way people interpret, remember, and process information about the world and themselves† (Shiraev Levy, 2010, p. 256). Through social perception, it is possible for one to understand how the natural world goes together with socialization, and how each one of them affects the other. On the other hand, social cognition refers to the manner in which the perceived information is gathered, stored, and processed. In order to explain the concept of perception, and enhance a further understanding of cognition, contact hypothesis was formulated. This holds that the negative attitudes that exist between members of any two conflicting groups can be mediated and addressed through contact of the parties in the conflict. In the conflict between blacks and whites, the greatest social perceptions that fuel the conflict between the two ethnic groups on a daily basis are economy, social status, and politics (Verkuyten, 2005). It is generally believed that politics is responsible fo r the many economic challenges blacks face, and this is what has fueled the conflicts between the two groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnic Groups and Conflicts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Addressing the Social Perceptions The application of the contact hypothesis as a valid approach in solving the conflicts between blacks and whites has been barred by some of the social perceptions embraced by the conflicting groups. It is important for governments all over the world to address the problem of economic disparity among members of the two communities, especially the black community. This could be achieved through the government ensuring that all people get access to equal economic opportunities regardless of their race or ethnic origin (Verkuyten, 2005). It is also important for the political system in countries where such conflicts exist to embrace a unifying approach while doing politics. In the U nited States for example, the greatest part of the conflict was fueled by the perception that the whites had put in place political measures that would ensure their supremacy over the blacks. This was sometimes evident when measures suggested to enhance equality among the two groups were opposed with the greatest force (Shiraev Levy, 2010). Finally, it is important for the class system to be addressed to ensure that there is successful integration of all cultures among the members of the two groups. This can be addressed when children from both communities are encouraged to school together. Through this approach the children grow up with a clear understanding that all people are equal regardless of their race or ethnic origin (Verkuyten, 2005). Conclusion For many decades, there has been discord between blacks and whites all over the world. Social perceptions started and propelled by politics have resulted in the hatred that characterizes the relationship between blacks and whites. Social cognition and conformity have been identified as some of the greatest forces that prevent the integration and coming together of the two groups. Much has been achieved in efforts to reduce the conflict between the two ethnic groups that have, in some instances, engaged in very violent confrontations (Horowitz, 2001). However, it will take several decades for the two communities to engage in full cooperation, integration and trust. References Horowitz, D. L. (2001). The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley: University of California Press.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shiraev, E. B., Levy, D. A. (2010). Cross-cultural psychology: Critical thinking and contemporary applications. Boston: Pearson/Allyn Bacon. Turnbull, C. M. (1965). Wayward Servants: The Two Worlds of the African Pygmies. Garden City, New York: The Natural History Press. Verkuyten, M. (2005). The Social Psychology of Ethnic Identity: European Monographs in Social Psychology. New York: Psychology Press. This essay on Ethnic Groups and Conflicts was written and submitted by user Raiden Keller to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Contrast First Draft essays

Comparison/Contrast First Draft essays An aggressive retort by the United States will have a better outcome than no action at all as a result of the terrorists acts in New York. If you live in America right now you cant turn around without being assaulted by the media blitz on the recent attacks of the World Trade Centers. Until this incident we had considered ourselves immune to any foreign massive attack on our own soil. How wrong that turned out to be! Even with all of our technologies in the military we had no way to stop these people. I watch CNN and listen to all of the different opinions that people have given, and frankly am aghast at what I hear. When people get on television and give interviews I first look at their credentials, which are most often supplied. When I see PhDs. MDs and other impressive educational achievements following their name I automatically give them some consideration. What do some of these folks have to say? More than a few of these people dont think that retaliation by us is the right thing to do. They dont want to beget violence with the same. If you think of Jesus and his philosophy of turning the other cheek, you have to agree.... somewhat. Why should America show the rest of the world how petty we are by making such a big thing out of a few thousand people getting killed by some lunatics? Dont forget also these suspects are renegades, not claimed by any country. This makes for a very elusive target, in that we shouldnt bomb a whole country for the mistakes of a few. In watching the coverage, I was struck by the tone of passive acquiescence. Not once, in hours of listening, did I hear anyone express righteous anger. No one said, coldly, but with deadly seriousness, People responsible for this are going to die. Our military leaders speak of how we cant act rashly and the need for caution, which most likely means nothing will be do ...

Ehtnographic Study paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ehtnographic Study paper - Essay Example Regarding the students in the entire school, these students’ ethnic background(s), language(s), ages, educational level of community members, behavioral norms and values, and socioeconomic statuses will be evaluated and thoroughly analyzed. Here we will analyze primarily the students in the entire school, with a philosophy of diversity centering upon the particular class. II. Background The ethnic mix of the learners, both in the class and in the school, is diverse. The school’s student body is predominantly African-American, although there are small amounts of other races present in the student body. The school used to be more racially diverse years ago. Regarding students’ socioeconomic status, this is diverse as well. The SES of the learners at this high school is varied, but a lot of the students tend to come from backgrounds with socioeconomically disadvantaged status. The primary language spoken is English, and in some cases, Ebonics (although not formally recognized by some as a bona fide language) is widely spoken by the student body. The type of community surrounding the school is in the city. Therefore, this school is an urban school. This school has special populations (special education, ESL/ELL, gifted). This school has a comprehensive special education program. Moreover, however, it has a large gifted population in its 7th-12th grade program. A certain percentage of the 7th and 8th graders in the Gifted program remain to go on for high school there, so there is that factor to consider, too. It is a keystone of any teacher’s philosophy of diversity that the classroom be a place of inclusiveness—whether students be Black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, or of mixed race(s) or races not named here, and be of whatever socioeconomic status, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or cultural affiliation—that students feel that they are equals in the classroom regardless of the teacher’s cultural lens. An inclusive philosophy dictates that each student should have the same opportunity to learn their subject. This includes being cognizant of striving against favoritism, especially based on gender or race. Students who are from lower levels socioeconomically should be given a fair chance to succeed by providing them with the tools they need to succeed in an environment which has typically favored the dominant culture’s hegemonic social strata. A level playing field is key. Strategies include having class materials available such as extra paper and pens. Teachers should want students of various national origins and religions to feel comfortable enough to express themselves within the dynamic of their own backgrounds. Especially with students who have ESL/ELL/bilinugal/multilingual backgrounds, teachers should want to make sure that their class is accessible to their language capabilities by supporting their learning with extra attention in order to check for understanding so that they don’t fall behind. Additionally, teachers should like to extend their help to students of different genders and sexual orientations who may suffer discrimination from other students—and try to combat that discrimination within the classroom by having an open-door policy. The teacher should wish to facilitate a learning

Leadership in Customer Service Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership in Customer Service - Article Example There are so many kinds and interpretations of a leader, but which one does it take to make a customer-service-driven business successful? Leadership needs to have a vision of what is wanted to achieve. Leaders possess not only this but are driven by passion—the strength and the energy to work against the odds to achieve the vision (Williams, 2005). Great leaders delegate and empower. Leaders do not just pin point on people and tell them what to do instead they create structure, allocate responsibility, help create systems, provide support and training and resources, and empower subordinates to make decisions thus making them feel significant in the business group. Through empowerment, a leader is set differently from an authoritarian. A leader does not dictate but respect employees and treats these people as customers as well. Great leaders sometimes have to take tough decisions but there's always respect for the subordinates (Williams, 2005). Workers are encouraged to: participate in the action plan; develop awareness of the goals; participate in the change plan; have reasonable expectations and attitude. Communication flow is always open to a leader and is never one way. Successful business leaders are always keeping their people informed thus key performance indicators are displayed; targets are set, accomplished and celebrated. Everyone is made to feel as part of a community to create a sense of unity (Williams, 2005). A leader motivates people to do what is important and leads an example. There's a famous story about a group of visitors to Disney who was walking in the Magic Kingdom when they saw a grey-haired man walk out of his way to pick up a piece of litter. One of the members of the group approached the man and asked, "How many custodians are there here?" The man replied, "45,000". The guest was surprised at so many.

Effective marketing planning requires full research of the marketing Essay

Effective marketing planning requires full research of the marketing environment. Discuss what needs to be considered when under - Essay Example An effective marketing plan requires a research on the drivers of demand in the business environment. This may entail secondary research or primary research, or both in order to investigate consumer behavior and motivation. Some of the aspects contained in an effective marketing plan are demographic and social changes that may affect sales of the company’s product, for instance a change in the lifestyles and the age structure. New technologies that may open up some markets while at the same time closing some. Economic trends that have an impact on the consumer purchase decision, as well as political environment that alters public spending due to aspects like taxation. By conducting a marketing audit, a firm is able to explore its internal capabilities (Alison, 2011, p 23). Effective marketing planning also calls for an examination of the external environment to a firm, which entails focusing on the existing marketing strategies; the company’s marketing mix, and market s egmentation and segmentation, as well. Scanning and interpreting all these areas of market changes calls for knowledge and experience, and might be the source of competitive advantage. Much of the marketing planning also varies on anticipating the response of competitors. The reason is that interpreting and responding to market changes ahead of t6he competitors may result in high gains of both sales and profits. Marketing audit Marketing audit is a fundamental element of the marketing planning process, which ensures that a firm is profitable. Marketing audit considers both internal and internal influential factors. Most tools for conducting a marketing audit include the SWOT, PESTEL and the porter’s five forces (Bensoussan & Fleisher, 2008, p 23). PESTEL analysis PESTEL analysis is an examination of forces outside the business, but has an impact on firms sales and marketing. These are the political, economic, social, technological and legal aspects. The political element deal s with the impacts of government policy. Government legislation also incorporates legal elements that include taxation policies and laws that govern business operations. Government regulation has the effects on privatization and deregulation policy, which have an overall effect of opening up markets to competition. Companies should not be something for companies to fear, as regulations like lowering pollution may act to spur competitive firms to innovate and lower costs to counter increasing costs of regulation. Economic factors like disposable incomes, unemployment, prevailing interest rates, recession and booms have an impact of a company’s sales. Marketers have to scan and monitor the general economic environment before making any marketing move, as this may have impacts on sales and eventual profitability in a certain time. Social-cultural factors refer to consumers’ patterns of behavior, lifestyles and preferences that affect purchase and buying behaviors (Debra, 2005, p 23). Marketers need to be ware of changes in consumer behavior as a result of change in preferences. Trending social elements affects the demand of a company’s products. Additionally, it is vital to examine the technological changes that happen in the industry, especially changes in information technology, research and development and rate of technology change. The reason is that technology changes affect

Dextranase Enzyme Production

Dextranase Enzyme Production Dextranase definition and its uses Dextran is a collective name given to a large class of homopolysaccharides composed of D-glucans with contiguous a-1, 6 glycosidic linkages (95%), with minor secondary linkages such as a-1, 2, a-1, 3 and a-1, 4 [74]. It is produced by microorganisms such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Streptococcus sp., Acetobacter capsulatus and Acetobacter viscus [44]. Dextrans are well soluble in water, have low toxicity, and relative inertness. These properties make dextrans effective water-soluble carriers for dyes, indicators, and reactive groups in a wide variety of applications. They are widely used in the pharmaceutical and biochemical fields. Dextrans of low molecular weight are used as an alternative to blood plasma. They are also used for clinical purposes such as drug delivery [82], and by cross-linking for the production of the chromatographic matrix Sephadex. They are also widely used as both anterograde and retrograde tracers in neurons [94]. On the other hand microbial synthesis of de xtrans in damaged cane and beets or other products containing sucrose is a serious problem in sugar and food industry. Dextran is also a structural component of dental plaque which causes the development of dental caries [78], [85]. Dextranases are enzymes that cleave the a-1,6 glycosidic linkages of dextran to yield either glucose or isomaltose (exodextranases) or isomalto-oligosaccharides (endodextranases), and are only produced as extracellular enzymes by a small number of bacteria and fungi, including yeasts and perhaps some higher eukaryotes [44]. Enzymes in many groups can be classified as dextranases according to function: dextranhydrolases, glucodextranases, exoisomaltohydrolases, exoisomaltotriohydrases, and branched-dextran exo-1,2-alpha glucosidases. In particular the chemical reaction catalyzed is as follows: (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-1 + (1,6-alpha-D-glucosyl)m + 1 These enzymes belong to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the exosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is: 1,4-alpha-D-glucan: 1,6-alphaD-glucan 6 alpha-d-glucosyltransferase. Other commonly used names include dextrin 6-glucosyltransferase and dextrin dextranase. Many microorganisms are known to produce dextranase, including filamentous fungi belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Spicaria, Fusarium and Chaetomium, bacteria, e.g. Lactobacillus, Cellvibrio, Flavobacterium etc. The only yeasts reported to produce dextranases are members of the family Lipomycetaceae. Only Lipomyces kononenkoae [104] and Lipomyces starkeyi dextranases have been characterized [47]. Potential commercial uses of dextranases include: The synthesis of potentially valuable oligosaccharides [30] Potential mouthwash ingredients since isomaltose may be of significant importance for the prevention of dental caries [40], [41] Clearance of dextran contamination in cane sugar processing [25] Dual-stimuli-responsive drug release as in biodegradable polymer-structured hydrogels of gelatin and dextran [55]. Hydrogels are used for a wide range of biomaterials applications such as: contact lenses, drug delivery vehicles and tissue adhesives. Dextrans are polymers that mimic biological sugars found on tissue surfaces. The dextran hydrogel system with tunable mechanical and biochemical properties appears promising for applications in cell culture and tissue engineering [58] Drug delivery device suitable for delivering drug to the colon [7], [8]. Brondsted et al. studied the application glutaraldehyde dextran as a capsule material for colon-specific drug delivery. The dextran capsules were challenged with a dextranase solution, simulating the arrival of the drug delivery to the colon, so they broke and the drug was released as a dose pump. The outcome highlights the dextran capsules as promising candidates for providing a colon-specific drug delivery Also in site-specific drug delivery systems with the use of antibodies [69] The improvement of brewing yeast strain for beer industry. Due to the rising demand for low-calorie beverages, including beer, recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been produced by integrating LSD1 gene of Lipomyces starkeyi [101]. S. cerevisiae lacks the ability to produce extracellular depolymerising enzymes that can efficiently liberate fermentable sugar from abundant, polysaccharide rich substrates [75]. By introducing the gene mentioned above, adding an exogenous enzyme during beer fermentation to achieve starch hydrolysis and oligosaccharide reduction can be avoided Carbohydrase activity produced can also be exploited in sensitive chromogenic bioassays for toxicity: a mycotoxin bioassay using the intracellular ÃŽÂ ²-galactosidase activity of Kluyveromyces marxianus has been developed [20] Classification of dextranase based on amino acid sequence Dextranases are dextran-degrading enzymes that form a diverse group of carbohydrases and transferases. The more recent classification divides dextranases into two classes: endodextranases (a-1,6-glucan-6-glucnohydrolase; also referred to as dextranase) and exodextranases ( glucan-1,6-ÃŽÂ ±-glycosidase; also referred to as dextran glucosidases). The Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUB-MB) provides a system of classification depending on the type of reaction catalyzed and product specificity (Table 1). Contrary to that system, the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZy) database describes the families on terms of structural and mechanical features of these enzymes; enzymes with different substrate specificities are placed in the same family and those that hydrolyze the same substrate are sometimes placed in different families. In another classification system, Henrissat and Bairoch [33] have divided glucosylhydrolases and glycosylt ransferases into five families on the basis of the similarities in the amino acid sequences (Table 2). Table 1: The IUB-MB classification system EC3.2.1.11 Dextranases EC3.2.1.70 Glucan-1,6-glucosidases EC3.2.1.94 Glucan-1,6-isomaltosidases EC3.2.1.95 Dextran-1,6-isomaltotriosidases EC3.2.1.115 Branched-dextran exo-1,2-glucosidases Table 2: Classification of dextran hydrolysing enzymes, based on amino acid sequences. Dextran-glucosidases Families 13 15 Isomaltodextranase Family 27 Isomaltotriosidase Family 49 Endodextranases Families 49 66 (no sequence similarities between the two families) Aoki and Sakano (1997) came up with 4 families [2]. They isolated and sequenced the isopullunase gene (ipuA) from Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642. The gene shows significant amino acid similarity to the dextranase produced by Penicillium minioluteum (PEMDEX) and Arthrobacter sp. (ARTDEX). Since ASNIPU shows great similarity to PEMDEX and ARTDEX, they can be classified as Family 1. In the same fashion, the researchers compared the amino acid sequences of dextranases and dextran-hydrolising enzymes, including ASNIPU. Lipomyces species and Lipomyces starkeyi Lipomyces starkeyi and Lipomyces kononenkoae belong to the Lipomycetaceae family and are the only yeasts reported to produce dextranases. The first Lipomyces species was identified by Robert Starkeyi in 1946 during a study of nitrogen-fixing bacteria: it was then that he discovered L. starkeyi, a fat-producing, ascosporogenous soil yeast. The family Lipomycetaceae was proposed later, in 1952 by Lodder and Kreger von Rij. Lipomyces species can utilize starch as a sole source of carbon. Both species contain highly efficient amylolytic systems, permitting growth on starch with very high biomass yields [97]. The family Lipomycetaceae is known to utilize certain heterocyclic compounds, such as imidazole, pyrimidine, and pyrazine and their derivatives, as sole nitrogen sources [92]. Information on the genome organization and molecular genetics of this group of yeasts is very limited. The ascosporogenous soil yeast L. starkeyi has been reported to produce commercially useful extracellular dextranase activity [97], [52], [53], and it can utilize a variety of other compounds, like hexoses, pentoses, alcohols and organic acids, as sole sources of carbon and energy [46]. The strains of L. starkeyi currently used are NCYC 1436, IGC 4047, ATCC 12659 and its de-repressed mutant ATCC 20825. L. starkeyi dextranases Commercial use of dextranase began in 1940s, mainly by producing low-molecular-weight clinical dextran. Therefore, industrially practical mixed culture fermentation of L. starkeyi and Leuconostoc mesenteroides was capable of producing controlled-size dextrans in order to satisfy clinical use, in which dextranase produced by L. starkeyi hydrolyzed the high molecular weight dextran produced by L. mesenteroides to a controlled size [46]. The enzyme production system of L. starkeyi needs an inducer. Dextran is its normal inducer but it is a relatively expensive carbon source for large-scale fermentations. Also, L. starkeyi is reported to have slow growth and difficulty of avoiding contamination from other microorganisms during growth. With that in mind D. W. Koenig and D. F. Day (1989) undertook to establish conditions which would minimize the cost of the inducer for producing an enzyme by using a de-repressed mutant of L. starkeyi ATCC 12659 grown on glucose. Thus the mutant ATCC 20825 is capable of hyperproducing dextranase at low pH to provide biologically contaminant-free supernatant liquid containing dextranase. Lipomyces starkeyi (IGC 4047), when grown on dextran as a sole carbon source produced a dextranase able to hydrolyse blue dextran and Sephadex G-100. The molecular weight was 23kDa and the isoelectric point was 5.4 [97]. The dextranase of L. starkeyi (ATCC 20825) studied by Koening and Day (1988, 1989a, 1989b) was analysed by SDS-PAGE and produced four bands, of molecular weights 65 kDa, 68 kDa, 71 kDa, and 78 kDa. Millson and Evans (2007) have isolated extracellular dextranase of L. starkeyi NCYC 1436 and have found that for their strain the enzyme occurs as three molecular weight species and seven isoelectric forms [68]. L. starkeyi nutrients (YPDex / YPD) The main ingredient in the chosen media is yeast extract. Yeast extract is a dried autolysate which facilitates rapid and luxuriant growth when used in various media or fermentation broth. It is a good source of amino-nitrogen and vitamins, especially the water-soluble B-complex vitamins. However, yeast extract is reported to enhance glucose metabolism to lipids, but inhibit lipolysis [18]. The metabolic pathway consists of converting glycerol into pyruvate or glucose and then hydrolysis by a phosphatase gives glycerol again. The disruption of this metabolic pathway, could account for the seemingly truncated numerous bands that SDS gives after prolonged storage of the yeast. Mycological peptone is incorporated in the media and discourages bacterial growth because of its acidity. Environment that dextranases favour Dextranase activity is affected by temperature, pH, metal ions and nutrients. According to Lin Chen et al (2007), dextranase activity is optimized between temperatures of 10oC and 60oC at pH of 6.0 [12]. In the particular study, the effect of pH on enzyme activity was determined by varying the pH between 3.5 and 8.5 under the temperature of 30oC. The pH of 3.4-4.5, 5.0-7.5, and 8.0-8.5 were maintained by sodium acetate buffer (20mM), citrate and phosphate buffer (20mM) and sodium phosphate buffer (20mM) respectively. The effects of metal ions (AlCl3, CaCl 2, CoCl2, CuSO4, FeCl3, KCl, MgCl2, NaCl, NiSO4, MnCl2 and ZnCl2) and SDS on dextranase activity were assayed by incubation of dextranase with 1mM metal ions or 1 mM SDS at pH 4.5 for 3h at 37oC, and then the enzyme activity of dextranase was determined. Ravi Kiran Purama and Arun Goyal (2008) in a study for optimization of nutritional factors, estimated dextransucrase activity in the cell free extract of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. They analysed the regression coefficients and t-values of six ingredients: yeast extract, sucrose, intercept, K2HPO4, beef extract, peptone and Tween 80. Yeast extract, sucrose, beef extract, and K2HPO4 displayed a positive effect for enzyme production whereas, peptone and Tween 80 had a negative effect on enzyme production. The variables with confidence levels greater than 90% were considered as significant. Sucrose was significant at 99.99% confidence levels for dextransucrase production. K2HPO4 and yeast extract were found significant about 94% level for dextransucrase production. Beef extract was significant 91% for dextransucrase production. Peptone and Tween 80 were found insignificant with negative coeffficients for enzyme activities. Methods used for enzyme activity measurement Enzymatic activity is measured with the help of laboratory methods called enzyme assays. All enzyme assays measure either the consumption or production of product over time. Enzyme assays can be split into two groups according to their sampling method: continuous assays, where the assay gives a continuous reading of activity, and discontinuous assays, where samples are taken, the reaction stopped and then the concentration of substrates/products determined [11], [20]. Continuous assays: Spectrophotometry in which you follow the course of the reaction by measuring a change in how much light the assay solution absorbs Fluorimetric assay in which we make use of the difference in the fluorescence of substrate from product to measure enzyme reaction. These assays are in general much more sensitive than spectrophotometric assays, but can suffer from interference caused by impurities and the instability of many fluorescent compounds when exposed to light Calorimetric assay in which the heat released or absorbed by chemical reactions is measured Chemiluminescence in which the light emitted by some enzyme reactions is measured so as to detect product formation. The detection of horseradish peroxidase by ECL is a common method of detecting antibodies in western blotting Discontinuous assays: Radiometry in which the incorporation of radioactivity in substrates is measured Chromatographic assays measuring product formation by separating the reaction mixture into its components. This is usually done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but thin layer chromatography can also be used. Although this approach needs a lot of consumables its sensitivity can be increased by labelling the substrates/products with a radioactive or fluorescent tag Methods and assays for dextranase activity measurement The large variability of available substrates makes it difficult to estimate the enzyme activity, because the reaction product is often an undefined mixture of sugar polymers. The existing assays try to compromise convenience, speed and accuracy [44] Viscosimetric analysis was among the first to be used [31], [35], [36]. This method measured the amount of enzyme which reduced the specific viscosity of the dextran solution by half in 10min. and it is more suitable when dextranase hydrolyses the dextran molecule at random, producing long oligosaccharides. Reducing-sugar assay or saccharogenic methods measure the rate of increase in reducing sugar as measured with the Somogyi assay, the 3,5-dinitrosalicylicacid method (DNS) [102], thiourea borax-modified O-toluidine colour reagent (35) and alkaline potassium ferricyanide solution (225). These methods test the presence of free carbonyl group (C=O). It is a simple method commonly used to analyze for reducing sugars produced from enzymatic hydrolysis of substrates such as starch and sucrose [67].The most common substrates applied are Dextran T2000,47 T-260,3 and T110 [54], [72]. A number of substances have been reported as interfering with DNS colour development and citrate is one of them. Acetate and citrate are reported to enhance colour development and the true antagonist in this reaction is the proton (H+) [96]. This method is based on the release of short coloured products from polymeric blue dextran and their selective colorimetric detection at 610-650nm after precipitation of the p olymer. DNS colorimetric assays reported in literature are often modifications of the method of Webb and Spender-Martins (1983). E. F. Khalikova and N. G. Usanov (2001) developed a dextranase assay using an isoluble substrate, namely, Sephadex G-200 with Remazol Brilliant Blue dye [45]. The action pattern of dextranase was then, studied by means of exclusion chromatography. Overall, this assay was reported as convenient for quantitative dextranase detection, relatively independent of the enzyme source, and is proposed as an inexpensive alternative to the known procedures utilizing coloured substrates. The dextranase substrates can be either dye-releasing or fluorogenic. The assay procedures based on these substrates are accurate, fast and can be recommended for dextranase-producing microbial screening and enzyme purification. Other assay procedures worth mentioning include a spectrophotometric method with the use of Blue Dextran developed by Kauko K. Makinen and Illika K. Paunio (2004) who recommend it for column chromatography [62], and a method based on simple titration, developed by Eggleston and Gillian (2005) for easy use at the sugar cane factory [19]. Fluorometric assays are based on measuring the fluorescence of the samples and the results are often compared to a series of standards of Penicillium sp. A very sensitive fluorometric assay using amino-dextran-70 coupled with fluorescent dye BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-3-propionic acid, succinimidyl ester) as the substrate was described by M. Zhou et al. (1998). The BODIPY FL dye-labelled dextranase substrate is an amine-containing dextran derivative that is labelled with the pH-insensitive, green fluorescent BODIPY FL dye, resulting in almost total quenching of the conjugates fluorescence. The increase of the fluorescent degradation products of BODIPY FL dextran is proportional to the amount of dextranase activity [102]. A suspension of Sephadex in a buffer is supplemented with agar, sterilized, and poured in Petri dishes, and after the wells are filled with the test solution, they are left to incubate. The dextranase activity can be evaluated by the extent of halos around the holes due to the opalescence of Sephadex. Milson and Evans (2007), measured dextranase activity using SDS PAGE as described by Laemmli (1970), using both mini-gel and Protean II electrophoresis systems, and stained using Coomassie Blue [68], [56]. Molecular weight markers were used to construct a calibration curve, from which molecular weights of dextranase were determined. Native gel electrophoresis was performed, but the loading buffer and the gel lacked SDS and ÃŽÂ ²-mercaptoethanol and the samples were not heated prior to loading on the gel. In the same study, dextranase activity was estimated in SDS gels, without extraction, by a plate modified from the method of Lawman and Bleiweis (1991) [57]. FL versus DNS assay method The classic method (DNS) for measuring glycosidases through release of reducing activity is simple and inexpensive and, as cited above, has been modified in several studies so as to suit the researchers needs. It may, however, have some pitfalls. The reaction taking place is the following: aldheyde group oxidation> carboxyl group 3,5-dinitrisalicylic acid reduction-> 3-amino,5-nitrosalycilic acid (Nam Sun Wang, University of Maryland) The above reaction scheme shows that 1 mole of sugar reacts with 1 mole of 3,5-dinitrisalicylic acid. However, it is suspected that there are many side reactions, and the actual stoichiometry is more complicated than that previously described. Different reduced sugars yield different colour intensities; thus it is necessary to calibrate for each sugar. Apart from the oxidation, other side reactions may compete for the availability of 3,5-dinitrisalicylic acid. Consequently, the calibration curve may be affected and the intensity of the developed colour may be enhanced. Therefore, the method has low specificity and one must run blanks diligently if the colorimetric results are to be interpreted correctly and accurately [96]. Another obstacle to be dealt with when using DNS is non-linearity. One cause of non-linearity could be the common practice of diluting reaction products before quantification of reducing compounds and another is the insufficiency of substrates. The fluorometric assay (FL), seems to gain ground in the most recent studies as faster and more accurate and it seems to leave space for modifications and combined use with other methods (see  §1.3.1). A standard curve is constructed from Penicillium sp. and then compared with the one derived from Lipomyces starkeyi. As described in the previous paragraph dextranase activity is estimated by the increase of the fluorescent products of dextran degradation. However, if too many fluoro are conjugated to the dextran molecule undesired may come up. Molecular Probes TM seems to overcome this problem by removing as much of the free dye as possible and then assaying the fluorescent dextran by (TLC) to ensure that it is free of low molecular weight dyes. So, in general, FL seems to yield accurate curves. Millson and Evans (2007), used an assay of dextranase activity which was a variation on that reported by Zhou et al. (1998). In that study, fluorescence vs. dextranase activity produced a linear log [68], [102]. Purification of L. starkeyi dextranase Dialysis tubing Dialysis tubing is typically used for changing the buffering solution of a protein and is also a method for concentrating protein solutions by dialysis against a hygroscopic environment (e.g. PEG, Sephadex). The protein solution is contained within a membrane which permits solute exchange with a surrounding solution and whose pore size prevents the protein from escaping. Except for small volumes, this method is time-consuming [11]. Filtration Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semi-permeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained, while low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane. UF is not fundamentally different from microfiltration or nanofiltration, except in terms of the size of the molecules it retains. [11], [77]. SDS-PAGE Purification of Lipomyces starkeyi dextranase is carried out mainly by running a SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis. The solution of proteins to be analyzed is first mixed with SDS, an anionic detergent which denatures secondary and non-disulfide-linked tertiary structures, and applies a negative charge to each protein in proportion to its mass. SDS binds in a ratio of approximately 1.4g SDS per 1.0g protein. The size of the protein is directly related to the distance it migrates through the gel. Dextranase molecules migrate as bands based on size. Each band can be detected using stains such as Coomassie blue dye [77]. Modifications to the polypeptide backbone, such as N- or O- linked glycolylisation, however have a significant impact on the apparent molecular weight. Thus, the apparent molecular weight is not a true reflection of the mass of the polypeptide chain. In most cases, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is carried out with a discontinuous buffer system in which the buffer in the reservoirs is of a different pH and ionic strength from the buffer used to cast the gel. After migrating through a stacking gel of high porosity the SDS-polypeptide complexes are deposited in a very thin zone (or stack) on the surface of the resolving gel. The discontinuous buffer system that is most widely used was originally devised by Orstein (1964) and Dvis (1964) [77]. The sample and the stacking gel contain Tris Cl (pH 6.8), the upper and lower buffer reservoirs contain Tris-glycine (pH 8.3) and the resolving gel contains Tris Cl (pH 8.8). All components of the system contain 0.1% SDS [56]. Precipitation methods of proteins Precipitation is widely used in downstream processing of biological products, especially proteins. It serves to concentrate and fractionate the target product from various contaminants, as in biotechnology industry where precipitation helps to eliminate contaminants commonly contained in blood. The underlying mechanism of precipitation is to alter the solvation potential of the solvent and thus lower the solubility of the solute by addition of a reagent. Precipitation is usually induced by any of the following methods [11]: Salting out Isoelectric point precipitation Precipitation with organic solvents Non-ionic hydrophilic polymers Flocculation by polyelectrolytes Polyvalent metallic ions Salting out This the most common type of precipitation. Normally a neutral salt is added, such as ammonium sulphate, which compresses the solvation layer and increases protein protein interactions. As the salt concentration of a solution is increased, more of the bulk water is associated with the ions. Consequently, less water is available to partake in the solvation layer around the protein, which exposes hydrophobic interactions, aggregate and precipitate from solution. Isoelectric point precipitation The isoelectric point (pI) is the pH of a solution at which the net primary charge of a protein becomes zero. At a solution pH that is above the pÃŽâ„ ¢ the surface of the protein is primarily negatively charged and therefore like-charged molecules will exhibit repulsive forces. At a solution pH that is below the pI, the surface of the protein is primarily positively charged and repulsion between proteins occurs. At the pI, the negative and positive charges cancel, repulsive electrostatic forces are reduced and the dispersive forces predominate, and will, therefore, cause aggregation and precipitation. The pI of most proteins lies in the pH range of 4-6. Mineral acids, such as hydrochloric and sulphuric acid are used as precipitants. The greatest disadvantage to isoelectric point precipitation is the irreversible denaturation caused by the mineral acids. For this reason isoelectric point precipitation is most often used to precipitate contaminant proteins, rather than target pro tein. Precipitation with organic solvents Ethanol or methanol, if added to a solution may cause the proteins of the solution to precipitate. As the organic solvent gradually displaces water from the surface of the protein and binds it in layers around the organic solvent molecules, the solvation layer around the protein decreases. In that state, the protein can aggregate by attractive electrostatic and dipole forces. Parameters to consider are temperature (should be less than 0 °C to avoid denaturation), pH and protein concentration of the solution. Miscible organic solvents decrease the dielectric constant of water, which in effect allows two proteins to come together. At the pI the relationship between the dielectric constant and protein solubility is given by: log S = k/e2 + log S0 S0 is an extrapolated value of S, e is the dielectric constant of the mixture and k is a constant that relates to the dielectric constant of water [98]. Non- ionic hydrophilic polymers Dextrans, polyethylene glycols and other polymers are used in precipitation of proteins due to their low flammability and are less likely to denature biomaterials compared to pI precipitation. These polymers attract water molecules away from the salvation layer around the protein, which enforces protein-protein interactions and induces precipitation. For the case of polyethylene glycol, the following equation models precipitation: ln(S) +pS = X ÃŽÂ ±C C is the polymer concentration, P is a protein-protein interaction coefficient, ÃŽÂ ± is protein- polymer interaction coefficient and X = ( ÃŽÂ ¼i ÃŽÂ ¼i0 )RT ÃŽÂ ¼ is the chemical potential of component I, R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature [98]. Flocculation by polyelectrolytes Polyelectrolytes form extended networks between protein molecules in solution. These include alginate, carboxylmethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid, tannic acid and polyphosphates. The pH of the solution determines the effectiveness of these polyelectrolytes. Anionic polyelectrolytes are used at pH above the pI. Cationic polyelectrolytes are used at pH above the pI. The precipitate may dissolve back into the solution if an excess of polyelectrolytes is used. Polyvalent metallic ions Enzymes and nucleic acids are precipitated with the use of metal salts at low concentrations. Most frequently polyvalent metallic ions used are Ca+, Mg+, Mn+ or Fe+. Precipitation reactors Industrial scaled reactors that are used to precipitate large amounts of proteins, such as recombinant DNA polymerases from a solution include: Batch reactors The agent is slowly added to the protein solution under mixing, so the aggregating particles tend to be regular in shape. The protein particles are exposed to a wide range of shear stresses for a log period of time and become mechanically stable. Tubular reactors The precipitating reagent and the feed protein solution are contacted in an area of mixing and then added into enlongeted tubes where precipitation occurs. Plug flow is approached by the elements as they move along the tubes. The tubular reactor is inexpensive to be constructed but can become long and slow in case that aggregation of the particles occur slowly. Continuous stirred tank reactors CSTR reactors also known as vat or back mix reactors, run at steady state with a continuous flow of reactants and products in a well-mixed tank. It is a type of reactor mainly used in chemical engineering. A CSTR often refers to a mathematical model which is used to estimate the key unit operation variables when using a continuous agitated-tank reactor to reach a specified output. Perfect mixing is demanded. Precipitation of L. starkeyi The most common precipitation methods in the case of L. starkeyi cited in literature are: Isoelectric focusing Koening and Day (1988) used precast IsoGel agarose isoelectric focusing plates, pH 5.0-8.5. A standard mixture of proteins was applied in the lane next to each sample and the protein profile was quantified by densitometer scans. The enzyme activity in the gel was determined by slicing an unstained gel into 0.9 mm sections. Each section was placrd in a test tube with 1.0 ml 0.05 M citrate/phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, allowed to elute overnight at 4oC and assayed for enzyme activity. This method separated the protein mixture into five isoelectric bands. All five forms were found to have dextranase activity and exhibited the same Km values. Organic solvents Polyethylene glycol precipitation is often used. Nishimura et al. (2002) used this method in an effort to prepare total DNA from L. starkeyi for taxonomy analysis. They added phenol solution (phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol=25:24:1) to a test tube of Tris-SDS. The

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ASHINGTON, Jan. 6 — The Pentagon is pushing for a substantial increase, in the range of $20 billion or more, for its 2003 budget, confident that the war on terrorism has strengthened Congressional and public support for rebuilding the armed services, senior military officials say. Even as Congress is projecting a budget deficit next year, the Pentagon is arguing that it will need significantly more money to cover rising health care costs, stockpile precision-guided munitions and accelerate an array of big-ticket programs, including fighter jets and warships. "There is a real necessity to do something we didn't really address in the last budget, which is ramp up procurement," said Under Secretary of Defense Dov S. Zakheim, the Pentagon comptroller. "It's got to go up." Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld has also vowed to use the budget for the 2003 fiscal year, which begins Oct. 1, to advance programs he has said will "transform" the military, including missile defense, unpiloted aircraft and high-tech battlefield communications equipment. Mr. Rumsfeld is expected to argue, for instance, that the armed services must stockpile laser- and satellite- guided weapons for future conflicts. Those munitions, which cost from $20,000 to $1 million each, exceeded expectations in Afghanistan, where they were used so extensively that the Navy arsenal came close to running dry, officials say. The secretary will also call for developing munitions that can penetrate caves and hardened, deeply buried bunkers — one area where military officials say American bombs were not always effective in Afghanistan. North Korea and Iraq are thought to have built many such bunkers for command centers and storage sites for biological and chemical weapons. Officials say Mr. Rumsfeld will also push for accelerating a program to convert Trident submarines, which are now armed with nuclear- tipped missiles, so they can instead carry precision-guided cruise missiles with conventional warheads. Dr. Zakheim said the Pentagon budget was still being negotiated with the White House and declined to provide figures. But senior military and Congressional officials have said the increase will be about $20 billion over the current $329 billion Pentagon budget, or about 6 percent, after adjusting for inflation. A $20 billion increase in the Pentagon budget would be less than the $33 billion increase approved by Congress last year, the largest since the Reagan era. But the new request comes in an economic downturn, when other federal agencies are being told to trim spending to balance declining tax revenues.

British Perspective on the Boston Tea Party Essay

In 1773 parliament passed the tea act in which the British pay less for tax to ship places. This made the prices of tea lower from Britain. Since Boston’s tea would be more expensive nobody would buy it from them. The tea act was just another problem adding up between the colonists and britain. This made the colonists want to be independent from Britain. The colonists decided to rebel and dumb three hundred and forty two chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The act was given the name the Boston Tea Party. Most of the British thought of the Boston Tea Party as an act of terrorism. Really the Boston Tea Party was just another step to independence for the colonists. In 1763 the British put a line along the Appalachian Mountains so the the colonists could not move into the Ohio River Valley. This was called the Proclamation Line. The British prohibited the colonists from their land to protect them from the Indians. The colonists who went against the British and crossed the line were later killed by the Indians and then asked for the British to protect them again. When the colonists asked for help they British were still in a lot of debt from the war they fought to protect the colonists. They put British soldiers on the line to protect the colonists. This was a little bit rude of the colonists to try moving into the Ohio River Valley when the British were trying to help them. The fact that the British were forbidding the colonists from passing the Appalachian Mountains made them very mad. They looked at it as the British not allowing them to settle into more land. The colonists were not allowed to buy and live on the land that they fought and won a war for. It was there land and they were being deprived their right to their own property. The Sugar Act happened in 1764, the next thing to make the colonists angry. The sugar act put tax on sugar from other countries making it more expensive. The sugar was now more expensive than the British sugar. The British perspective on it was logical because they were in major debt from  the war they fought for the colonists. They were just hoping that the colonists would by their tea so they could use the money to pay off the debt. They thought they were being fair by not taxing their sugar so the colonists would not have to pay a tax. The way the colonists saw the Sugar Act was an act of selfishness. The British taxed the tea the colonists used to buy because it was cheaper. The British had no right to tax the colonists. They had no say in how much the tax should be or what it was on. They used sugar everyday it was completely unfair. In 1765 the British made the Quartering Act. It required for british troops to have to live in the colonists homes when they were stationed in the colonies. The British thought it was only fair for the colonists to take care of their soldiers. Many of those soldeirs fought in the war against the French and Indians. It would cost too much for Britain to pay to build housing for the soldiers. The colonists did not like the Quartering act. They did not want to take care of the soldiers. First of all because the soldiers were the ones from keeping them to get to the rest of their land in the Ohio River Valley. Now they were being forced to take care of the soldiers. Nobody wanted to because they did not even have enough room in their homes. They did not have enough money to clothe and feed them either. The soldiers were very rude to the colonists and kind of scared most of them too. In 1767 a powerful British man named Charles Townshend had the idea of putting taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and other everyday products of the colonists. The reason for taxing these products was so Britain could get more money for their government. They also did it for more power over everyone. The colonists did not like the Townshend acts. It was just a way for Britain to take more money. The colonist rebelled just like they did with the quartering and sugar act. They boycotted British products. The trade between  them dropped by fifty percent as a result in the boycott. They claimed it was unconstitutional because the colonies did not have any say in the Parliament. The debate wether or not the colonies had represntation in parliament was not settled until the revolution. The Tea Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1773. The British made it so the colonists could not but any tea from any one else besides the East India Company. The East India Company was poor and the British wanted to help them with their business. The tea act made the price of tea lower from the East India Company so everyone would buy from them. They said that it was a benefit to the colonists because they could get tea cheaper now. The tax on the tea was very minimal and they just wanted to put a tax on it to show they have the right to tax. This made the Colonists look at the Tea Act as another taxation without representation situation. It meant they could not buy tea from anyone else and so their tea would lose its business. They were also angry because it went against the english right of only being taxed by the elected representatives not the parliament. The Sons of Liberty were a group of patriots who were dedicated to getting independence for the colonies. They Sons of Liberty Believed in being free. They were a secret group that wanted to fight for America. The group formed when the British Empire became on of the most feared powers in the world. Samuel Adams formed the Sons of Liberty. The British saw the Boston Tea Party as an act of terrorism. They saw it as a group of drunk and crazy people dumping their tea into the boston Harbor with out paying for it. They completely rebelled against the government and wasted a lot of money after all that the British have done for them. On December 16, 1773 the Sons of Liberty boarded three British ships. They dressed up as Mohawk Indians in order to be able to access the ships. They also had to arm themselves with hatches and axes to make their disguises more believable. They opened and dumped every single chest into the Boston  Harbor. This was called the Boston Tea Party. When it was over there were three hundred and forty two wooden chests floating in the water. Many other people boycotted the tea in the same way later on. The colonists did this to show independence. I can see how the British thought the Boston Tea Party was an act of Terrorism. I believe that the Boston Tea Party was not an act of terrorism. Britain took advantage of the colonists. Even though they tried helping the colonists a few times they still should not have used us to make more money for their government. They should be able to run and take care of their own money issues without taking the colonists money. The colonists were definitely right in taking action and rebelling against the British in every way they could. The Boston Tea Party was just another step closer to the independence of America.