Health community promotion project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health community promotion project - Assignment Example SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS: Regarding social indicator, children who attend attended the lecture about nutrition education, about healthy food were in different economical level, and were both boys and girls. They look alike in normal weight, active and love to play indoor games such as video games and as I saw, they like to play football, run on the playground of North light community service or go to the river down to draw in the company of the teacher of art. To improve children health, we have to assess, plan, implement and evaluate the result to know the level of our goals reached. HEALTH SYSTEMS & SERVICES Children in this age bracket require health systems are within their proximity and should very much concentrate of health care than treatment. Such hospitals include Roxborough Hospital, Lankenau, Chestnut Hill Hospital and Mercy Health Systems. POLITICAL SYSTEM 4th District Councilman Curtis Jones and Mayor Micheal Nutter VITAL STATISTICS Marriage rate: Male- 15.5/1000 vs. Femal e 14.3/1000. Married 984. Divorce rate: Male 7.7/1000 vs. Female 7.4/1000 Divorced or separated 318. HEALTH RELATED BEHAVIORS: The assessment of child health related behavior was possible because of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire, which is a screening measure for identifying children’s behavioral and emotional problems for at least six previous months. There were 25 items in the measure, which addressed five factors like conduct problems, hyperactivity, pro-social behavior and emotional symptoms as well as peer problems. Five items helped assess the impact of aspect problems of children’s life. The reactions of parents depend on what their children options. INTERRELATIONSHIP: From the research data, the figures clearly suggest that the economy is very good. This means that the lower would be on the low end of middle class or the upper end of lower class. (Northlight Community Center, 2013) the white neighborhood have many second and third generation immig rants accounting for the bulk of the older generation and young professionals coming together into the mix with the median age being 7 to 8 years. The target chosen for the teaching is children between the age of seven and eight attending an after school program at Northlight Community Center in Manayunk. There are possible assumptions that the children are attending the after school program because both the mother and father are working. With regard to religion, multiple churches account for a faith based population (Northlight Community Center, 2013). KID PROGRAMS There is Assessing children’s knowledge about healthy food by asking questions about their favorite color to connect it with Veggies or fruits. There is correct misunderstanding view about food and our projects Congratulate small positive steps. STRENGH OF THE POPULATION: The primary strengths and risk factors of children aged between seven and 8 years include being easy to adapt and replace ideas as well as stron g influence to their parents. They easily replace their ideas due to peer pressure and peer perception in school groups. The children under the 8 has some information about food, our project therefore needs to confirm the good information about healthy food used to make strong basic based on their information. At this age, children easily like and eat

The characters in Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

The characters in Of Mice and Men Essay Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men have dreams. What are their dreams and how near are any of them to achieving what they want? Many characters have dreams and aspirations in the story Of Mice and Men and try to achieve them in different ways. Many characters have dreams and I will be discussing the dreams of: Candy, Crooks, Curley and his wife. Candy, Crooks and Curley wife all have similar dreams, which is to have freedom and equality. All three characters are treated with very little respect and are seen as lower class due to race, gender, age or disability. Dreams are very important to the characters as they help them to escape from reality even if only for a short while. Their dreams are also significant as they are hope that things will get better and are vital to keep spirits high. However, many peoples dreams were affected by the economic downfall that America experienced. The story is set in the 1930s, which was when America experienced the Wall Street crash. This was when the stock market collapsed and many Americans lost thousands of dollars they had invested. This caused mass homelessness and led to the great depression. During this era there was lots of prejudice and discrimination against black people, women, the elderly and the disabled. This affected them the worst as any time when life was getting tough they were hit much worse and were the first to experience suffering. This tough lifestyle encouraged people to dream as many people believed in the American Dream which was that everyone deserved a piece of prosperity if they worked hard enough. So a dream helped people to get by as it encouraged people to work hard and remain optimistic that they can succeed and it also helped people by temporarily escaping from reality. One character in the story called Candy had a dream but it was crushed when he busted his hand and he gave up. Candy is the first person George and Lennie meet on the ranch and he was the swamper. Later on in the novel Candy overhears George and Lennie speaking of their dream and he becomes involved as when he busted his hand he received compensation and offers his money and says he would cook for them. For example Candy says: I aint much good, but I can cook and tend the chickens. This dream is very important for Candy as he is getting old and needs to retire soon so he becomes very enthusiastic and optimistic about the dream and starts to realise that he may be able to retire and live happily. This is shown when Candy interrupts George and the way that he is being inquisitive. Candy then talks of the dream to Crooks even though George said not to talk about it to anyone else. When Candys dog dies there is a sense of dramatic irony as it is almost foreseeing a bad event is about to occur. Later Candy goes into the barn to check on Lennie but instead discovers a shocking sight, Curleys wife laying dead in the middle of the barn and he sense it is the end of the dream for example he says: Oh Jesus Christ! this shows his show and despair as he knows its only the beginning of bad events. However, Candy doesnt want to let the dream go and shows he wants to carry on dreaming as he says: You and me can get that little place, cant we George? Candy feels very strongly about the dream as he starts yelling at Curleys dead wife that she ruined their dream. This is shown when he says: You God dam tramp and You done it didnt you. Although Candy does get quite close to his dream with George and Lennie I do not think he will achieve his dream as his hope has now gone as he faces reality that he can not work on his own and make his dream come true. Candys hope did inspire Crooks to dream and at one stage Crooks was thinking about joining their dream. Candy thinks that Crooks is a nice fella for a black man and that although he is black they get on well. Candy also says The boss gives him hell when he mad. This shows that if the boss is angry he will take it out on Crooks due to his minority ethnicity in the 1930s. Crooks has lots of possessions including law books. This is shown in the following quote: And he had books, too; a tattered dictionary and a mauled copy of the California civic code for 1905. This shows us that he has an interest in law and his own rights. This gives us the impression that Crooks dreams of freedom as he keeps a law book on him so he knows what rights he does have even though there are very few. Crooks had a daydream about the past when he did not know of racism as a child and played with the white children unaware of the discrimination he was later to face. People treat Crooks with no respect yet he does not react but he doesnt have a choice as he is outnumbered and treated unfairly. Crooks does not mind Lennie and Candy visiting his room as they are similar to him as they are both treated with less respect due to mental or physical disabilities. When Crooks first hears about the dream he laughs at Lennie and says he is crazy. This is shown by the following quote: Youre as crazy as a wedge. What rabbits you talking about? This simile shows how crazy Crooks thinks Lennie is. . However, after Candy explains it all to him Crooks gets involved with it and says If you guys wanted a hand to work for nothing just for his keep, Id come and lend a hand. Then Curleys wife comes along and ruins the dream for Crooks by insulting the three of them. For example she calls them: A Nigger an a dum-dum and a lousy ol sheep Curleys wife then goes on to belittle Crooks even more by saying: Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny. This make Crooks go silent and he no longer wants to be in the dream. For example: Crooks seemed to grow smaller. This shows that Crooks has now been silenced and has to accept that he has no say once again. Crooks is nowhere near close to achieving his dream of freedom and equality, as there will be racism and intolerance for a long while. Crooks hope was shot down when Curleys wife came in and ruined his dream. Curleys wife is described as very purty but jail bait. This is because she is very pretty but she is very promiscuous so Curley gets suspicious when she talks to another guy and he would start a fight if he caught her. Lennie thinks that she is very attractive and this worries George as he has a history of going for attractive girls as he held a womans dress previously and caused trouble. I think Curleys wife is exactly how the men think of her, that she is a tart. This is because she goes around giving other men the eye and is always flirting with other men. However, she is only like this because Curley gives her very little attention and treats her with no respect so if she had a good husband she would act appropriately. Life is very tough for her on the ranch because all she wants is some love and attention what Curley does not give her and the other men do not either, as they are afraid of Curley. I think she turned nasty in Crooks room because they were reluctant to talk to her and she just flipped out of frustration. Curleys wife dreams of being in the movies and being a famous actor as she met a man who said she could be a star and ever since then she hoped for the best. This is shown when she says: An a guy told me he could of put me in pitchers. Curleys wife needed to have dreams as they kept her going and made her fell as though her life would one day get better and she could be a movie star. When Curleys wife was found dead it ruined everyones dream. George and Lennie could no longer get their own place as Lennie was about to be hunted down and Crooks and Candy could no longer get out of the ranch and live with them as the dream was fuelled entirely on Lennies enthusiasm. Curley was a terrible husband to his wife as he paid no attention to her whatsoever and maybe she was better off dead than living with him. For example Curleys Wife says: swell guy, aint he? this shows that she is being sarcastic and really telling them hes a bad husband. So far most of the character we met, apart from the boss and slim, have dreams; however, it is unlikely that anyone will fulfill these dreams as one small event could end on big dream. Contrasting dreams are important to different people and when the novel was set dreams were more significant due to the corrupt way of society back then. So dreams were hope, inspiration and optimism to those who were disliked by society and were at a disadvantage. The title of the novel Of Mice and Men was derived from the poem To A Mouse. John Steinbeck may have chosen this, as the meaning of to a mouse is that no plan is foolproof, which is what happens in the story as the dream was not definitely going to happen and it did not. He may have also done this as in To A Mouse Robert Burns says: The best laid schemes o mice an men Gang aft agley. This translates as the best-laid plans of mice and men often go astray. This is an overview of Of Mice and Men as the dream was well planned but it went wrong. No Matter how much you plan and how near you get nothing is set in stone.

Marketing Politico

Marketing Politico INTRODUCCIÓN Actualmente nos preocupamos en asociar la marca de un producto o servicio con la imagen del mismo; somos crà ­ticos en este sentido que hasta, muchas veces sin querer, evaluamos las campaà ±as que se hayan desarrollado para estos mismos y vemos como nos influencian las distintas publicidades que se realizan en los medios. Todo esto conlleva a un tà ©rmino, el Marketing, el cual ayuda a conocer lo que verdaderamente desean las personas y como hacer que ellas nos elijan entre las demà ¡s. Es asà ­ que nace el Marketing polà ­tico, que competente a la investigacià ³n exhaustiva que se puede dar para generar un plan, una buena imagen pà ºblica, un buen departamento de marketing de un partido e innumerables caracterà ­sticas que se ven involucradas en este tema de mucha importancia para el triunfo electoral y la continuidad del mismo. En esta monografà ­a tendremos conocimiento de informacià ³n importante. Como podemos comprobarlo desde el primer capà ­tulo, el cual es referente al marketing polà ­tico en sà ­, luego un pequeà ±o contraste que se darà ¡ con el marketing comercial y tambià ©n la especializacià ³n o profesionalizacià ³n de los asesores de campaà ±a caracterizando en ellos tres rasgos importantes a detallar. Continuando con ello se explicarà ¡ cà ³mo es la organizacià ³n del departamento de Marketing en un partido polà ­tico y como es que se debe llevar para que las estrategias que se quieran aplicar se puedan hacer. Todo ello nos serà ¡ fà ¡cil de entender mediante los diversos grà ¡ficos que se presentarà ¡n, conociendo las necesidades a nivel de servicios ejecutivos y de servicios de asesorà ­a, en el departamento antes mencionado. Le sigue el tercer capà ­tulo en el cual se abarcan las tà ©cnicas de venta polà ­tica, el cual ayudarà ¡ al candidato, o, si es mal aplicada puede no favorecerlo, sobre todo este à ºltimo se puede dar si existe algà ºn tipo de negativismo sea en el partido, en el mercado polà ­tico o en el mismo candidato; es recomendable que se sepa vender en actos pà ºblicos. Seguidamente le acompaà ±a a las tà ©cnicas de venta polà ­tica el cuarto capà ­tulo importante que es la publicidad polà ­tica, donde explica lo mas importante en la publicidad de un partido que es el mensaje que debe vender al pà ºblico y seguidores, junto a los diseà ±os visuales y los medios que se usaran para hacer de la publicidad su fuerte en las elecciones que participen; cabe recalcar que en el mundo moderno y cambiante en que vivimos no lo podemos dejar de lado o incluirlo en otra parte como si no fuera trascendental. La publicidad en la Internet es muy importante e influyente mà ¡s aà ºn en las redes sociales. Finalmente el quinto capà ­tulo el cual es un complemento de los capà ­tulos anteriores, en el cual se encontrarà ¡ informacià ³n complementaria sobre las campaà ±as electorales. Tambià ©n se describirà ¡ la publicidad que se debe utilizar junto con estrategias de campaà ±a a desarrollar; en este mismo se insertarà ¡n muchas de las ideas mencionadas a lo largo de la monografà ­a. A travà ©s de este trabajo se entenderà ¡ el marketing polà ­tico desde sus conceptos hasta su explicacià ³n del porque se da. Como por ejemplo nos recuerdan que â€Å"el marketing polà ­tico es un juego disputado en la mente del elector. Quien gana ese juego, triunfa en la polà ­tica.† (Zepeda, 2002) CAPà TULO I. MARKETING POLà TICO El Marketing se enfoca en el anà ¡lisis de los gustos que realmente tienen los consumidores pretendiendo establecer sus necesidades y deseos; generando asà ­ una influencia en el comportamiento y sobre todo en las decisiones que estos desean realizar. (Microsoft ® Student, 2010) Siendo ello tambià ©n se afirma que el marketing polà ­tico es un producto de la segunda mitad del siglo XX; cabe precisar que en su mayorà ­a los autores nos mencionan ni explican una definicià ³n exacta referente al Marketing pues estos se evocan mas en las tà ©cnicas y estrategias que se pueden dar, para asà ­ obtener las necesidades y gustos (no siempre reales) de las personas y satisfacerlos con estas tà ©cnicas o estrategias; tambià ©n sirve para generar nuevas necesidades. Sin embargo se puede inferir que el marketing polà ­tico es el conjunto de todas estas tà ©cnicas de investigacià ³n, planificacià ³n y comunicacià ³n que nos mencionan pero aplicadas hacia una campaà ±a polà ­tica con las tà ¡cticas correspondientes para las elecciones. 1.1. MARKETING POLITà CO VS MARKETING COMERCIAL Antiguamente se creà ­a que el marketing polà ­tico y el comercial eran iguales; sin embargo luego de anà ¡lisis se pudo inferior que son distintos y no se puede decir que es igual pero sà ­ similares. Si bien es cierto en los dos tipos se tiene que ofrecer algo hacia unas personas y ayudarse de estrategias para que acepten en el primer caso a un candidato y en el segundo a un producto o servicio. La persuasià ³n que las personas tengan hacia los candidatos es distinta debido a que cada uno piensa desde diferentes enfoques, pues al candidato que elijan estarà ¡ en un cargo determinado por un periodo mà ­nimo (como si fuera un contrato forzoso) y el producto o servicio si ya no lo desean lo pueden cambiar o descartar cuando quieran. 1.2. ESPECIALIZACIÓN Con el transcurrir del tiempo los especialistas en el marketing polà ­tico se han ido implementando en ciertos partidos polà ­ticos, como es de saberse antes se tenà ­an miembros del partido en cargos importantes; sin embargo estos no eran los mà ¡s idà ³neos para el cargo que le correspondiera. Dado los partidos se dieron cuenta que necesitaban gente mà ¡s especializada se inicio la seleccià ³n de personas en cargos que necesitan tener conocimientos fundamentales. En ello se seleccionaba a los especialistas en marketing y tambià ©n en marketing polà ­tico (en ese entonces eran pocos) con lo que se fueron especializando en dicha rama polà ­tica y todo ello avanzando a la par con la tecnologà ­a de las comunicacià ³n y se especializan en cada etapa especifica de la campaà ±a que desarrollen. Es por ello que Lourdes Martà ­n nos comenta que â€Å"hay tres rasgos que caracterizan la profesionalizacià ³n del marketing polà ­tico: la especializacià ³n, la ausencia de afiliacià ³n o lealtad partidista y la existencia de formacià ³n ajena al partido para aprender el oficio† (Salgado, 2002) CAPITULO 2. ORGANIZACIÓN DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE MARKETING DE UN PARTIDO POLà TICO Como vimos en el capà ­tulo anterior, referente a la especializacià ³n, donde se tiene mucha importancia con el tipo de persona que integre los cargos del partido; es lo que conlleva a generarle mayor importancia a la organizacià ³n del partido y sobre todo en el departamento de Marketing donde debe estar todo integrado y contar con diversa acciones y tà ©cnicas. En este departamento debe de esta formador por ciertos servicios ejecutivos y tambià ©n unos de asesorà ­a (tal como lo vemos en la Ilustracià ³n 1); entre los servicios ejecutivos encontramos el servicio de Anà ¡lisis Electoral, de Actos Pà ºblicos, de Publicidad Polà ­tica, de Relaciones Pà ºblicas y Comunicacià ³n, de Formacià ³n y Entrenamiento, de Logà ­stica y el Servicio Financiero; dentro del servicio de Asesorà ­a se encuentra el Servicio de Asesorà ­a Jurà ­dica, de Informacià ³n y Documentacià ³n y tambià ©n el Servicio de Planificacià ³n y Control. Ilustracià ³n 1 Organizacià ³n del Departamento de Marketing Polà ­tico Fuente: (Saiz, Marketing Polà ­tico, 2003) 2.1. SERVICIO DE ANà LISIS ELECTORAL En este servicio se tiene que verificar la informacià ³n, que esta sea correcta, para que se pueda lograr el objetivo cuando se tomen las decisiones. Por lo cual se dan funciones importantes como es el analizar los perfiles tipo de los electores, establecer con ello los segmentos del mercado meta ayudà ¡ndose de los intereses del partido, tambià ©n se encarga de prever la cantidad de votos que puede tener en determinadas elecciones. Todo ello se puede ver en la organizacià ³n de este servicio de anà ¡lisis, que tiene como consecuencia la produccià ³n, documentacià ³n, investigacià ³n de campo y los servicios comunes que se reflejan en la ilustracià ³n 2 donde nos damos cuenta que se relacionan debido a que uno es consecuente al otro. Ilustracià ³n 2 Servicio de Anà ¡lisis Electoral Fuente: (Saiz, Marketing Polà ­tico, 2003) 2.1.1. PRODUCCIÓN En el servicio de anà ¡lisis Electoral se tiene que iniciar por la produccià ³n, dentro del cual se detallan tres partes muy importantes de esta à ¡rea si asà ­ la deseamos llamar, primero, el planificar, luego, el ejecutar y por à ºltimo el analizar. Iniciando la Produccià ³n se debe planificar todo lo que se va a realizar referente al estudio de mercado junto con las tà ©cnicas y mà ©todos que se usaran, las personas que lo realizaran, cuà ¡nto demandara, cuà ¡ndo se realizarà ¡ (todo previamente cronometrado en el tiempo), materiales que se necesitarà ¡n y usarà ¡n, y, las instrucciones a los entrevistadores (con ayuda de materiales grà ¡ficos que faciliten el entendimiento). Seguidamente se da la ejecucià ³n de lo planeado anteriormente en dos partes la documental y la de investigacià ³n; en la primera se realizan estudios estadà ­sticos en cual nos brinden informacià ³n sobre la parte interna y externa del partido polà ­tico; en segunda parte se ve el anà ¡lisis del campo lo que se obtuvo gracias a los cuestionarios, evaluando la muestra de los potenciales electores. Finalmente en la produccià ³n se analizan los resultados que se obtuvieron en todos los procesos para que se pueda informar debidamente al director del departamento, dando una copia al à ¡rea de asesorà ­a (servicio de informacià ³n y documentacià ³n) para que den ideas en las acciones de marketing a tomar por el partido; en este informe se adjuntaran los grà ¡ficos, aportes adicionales y memorà ¡ndum con las recomendaciones. 2.1.2. DOCUMENTACIÓN Esta à ¡rea està ¡ encargada de verificar como es que va el candidato mediante los sondeos, ya sea interna o externamente. Cabe recalcar que dicha informacià ³n debe estar archivada y correctamente ordenada para que si posteriormente otra à ¡rea necesite la informacià ³n la pueda tomar con facilidad para analizar las estrategias. Tambià ©n es su obligacià ³n de tener informacià ³n de otras fuentes ya sean pà ºblicas o privadas que demuestren valores importantes para el partido polà ­tico. 2.1.3. INVESTIGACIÓN DE CAMPO Esta es el à ¡rea mà ¡s importante, puesto que es la que se dedica a analizar los resultados que se puedan obtener del mercado electoral; su trabajo està ¡ subdividido en dos à ¡reas, la cualitativa, sobre las reuniones en grupo que realizan y la cuantitativa sobre los distintos sondeos de opinià ³n para que obtengan datos estadà ­sticos. Normalmente se tienen de uno a dos responsables de todo el trabajo (và ©ase ilustracià ³n 3), siendo las encuestas realizadas preferentemente por personas del partido (para que no tergiversen los datos). Ilustracià ³n 3 Trabajo de campo Fuente: (Barranco Saiz, 2003) 2.1.4. SERVICIOS COMUNES Son los cuales les corresponden a todos los grupos pues es acerca de los cuestionarios y los resultados que estos puedan otorgar; para poder prever los votos que se puedan obtener en las elecciones. 2.2. SERVICIOS DE ACTOS PÚBLICOS Se da en tres actividades concretas, la primera es la Planificacià ³n de los actos pà ºblicos, en el cual se tienen que verificar, evaluar y designar todo que està © relacionado con el mitin programando una especie de agenda o fichero donde se detalle los lugares disponibles para el mismo. Cabe recalcar que el orden de prioridad de los locales se da de forma ascendente para los que està ©n completamente disponibles y gratuitos. Tambià ©n se encuentra la planificacià ³n de necesidades de materiales que contribuyan con la presentacià ³n del local y lo correspondiente a la obtencià ³n de permisos y autorizaciones para poder realizar estos encuentros pà ºblicos. La Ejecucià ³n es la segunda actividad que se realiza en este campo el cual consta de la comprobacià ³n de lo que se realizà ³ en la primera actividad verificar si la informacià ³n es real. Esta persona serà ¡ el jefe del acto especà ­fico que se realice y tendrà ¡ que coordinar con miembros del partido que residan en el lugar donde se realizara el mitin. Entre los servicios de actos pà ºblicos se encuentran los servicios especiales se le denomina asà ­ puesto que tienen por misià ³n controlar todo el desarrollo del evento como la seguridad, el orden (interno y externo al local), la venta de objetos relacionados al partido, ubicacià ³n de los asistentes y la organizacià ³n de los oradores. 2.3. SERVICIOS DE PUBLICIDAD POLà TICA Se basa en los estudios que haya realizado el servicio de Anà ¡lisis conforme a la evaluacià ³n a los electores sobre el partido y acerca de los que compite. Tiene grupos de trabajo el primero es la planificacià ³n en la cual se determinan los objetivos publicitarios y la campaà ±a a nivel nacional, regional o local; junto con las fechas de plazos a realizar y el presupuesto. Otros grupos del servicio de publicidad polà ­tica se encuentran los Medios son los que adecuan los deseos hacia los medios que se tienen y contratando la aparicià ³n de la publicidad en distintos medios. Continuando la produccià ³n se encarga de hacer realidad lo que se planificà ³ pues su labor es poner la campaà ±a en marcha con el material necesario para ello. Y por à ºltimo el Control es el que controla la campaà ±a tà ©cnicamente pues verifica lo que se publicarà ¡ y cuà ¡ndo se realizarà ¡. 2.4. SERVICIO DE RELACIONES PÚBLICAS Y COMUNICATIVAS Tiene tres actividades principales como el mantenimiento del banco de datos de medios de comunicacià ³n social, en el cual se ve la base de informacià ³n actual de la prensa en fichas explicativas. La siguiente actividad es la relacià ³n con dichos medios en los cuales se tienen los contactos y actos pà ºblicos sobre el candidato para luego publicarlo. Y por à ºltimo la redaccià ³n de textos electorales que tengan interà ©s en la campaà ±a electoral que se realiza y creacià ³n de nuevos artà ­culos que se podrà ¡n enviar a distintos medios adecuà ¡ndolo a las caracterà ­sticas del mercado electoral. 2.5. SERVICIO DE FORMACIÓN Y ENTRENAMIENTO Ilustracià ³n 4 Servicio de Formacià ³n y Entrenamiento Fuente: (Barranco Saiz, 2003) CAPITULO 3. TÉCNICAS DE VENTA POLà TICA En este capà ­tulo como el titulo menciona se abordarà ¡ acerca de las tà ©cnicas de venta polà ­tica que serà ¡n utilizadas por el candidato para que pueda convencer a las personas a que lo elijan (que voten por à ©l), aplicadas tambià ©n en lugares pà ºblicos tambià ©n cuenta la imagen que darà ¡n en debates o reuniones pà ºblicas; todo ello puede maximizar los votos como tambià ©n contraerlos. La reduccià ³n de los votantes se da por algà ºn tipo de negativismo que se dà ©, ya sea por parte del partido en sà ­, pudiendo ser por la mala imagen que puedan estar dando en ese momento mà ¡s que nada por ideas que no concuerden con la realidad o necesidades de los votantes; tambià ©n puede ser el negativismo del mercado polà ­tico por ideas que el elector creà ­a sobre el partido pero como no se las resolvieron tiene cierto rechazo por el mismo o tambià ©n porque cree que no concuerdan con sus ideas. Por à ºltimo se puede dar el negativismo del mismo candidato, el cual se da frecuentemente, sea un negativismo verbal en el cual tiene problemas de comunicacià ³n oral o con ciertas frases no motiva al pà ºblico, tambià ©n puede darse un negativismo fà ­sico con los gestos que pueden afectar al pà ºblico. 3.1. TÉCNICA AIDA Esta tà ©cnica cuenta con cuatro fases bien definidas, las cuales son la de atencià ³n, interà ©s, deseo y accià ³n; para poder tener la nocià ³n de dicha tà ©cnica podemos ver en la ilustracià ³n 5 lo que conllevan los niveles como la captacià ³n de la atencià ³n, captacià ³n del interà ©s, logro del deseo, remate de la accià ³n. Todo ello relacionado con la preparacià ³n del discurso los mà ©todos a usar y el contraste que se da en muchos momentos. La fase de atencià ³n es el intentar captar toda la atencià ³n posible hacia à ©l psicolà ³gicamente puesto que la atencià ³n fà ­sica que pueda tener siempre es momentà ¡nea preparando asà ­ los discursos ideales para la captacià ³n del votante con temas de interà ©s y enfocado al grupo social que va dirigido en ese momento; tambià ©n se debe despertar la atencià ³n si alguno no la tuviese y mantener la de todos frente a ellos. Para generar esa atencià ³n muchas veces se valen de ciertas tà ©cnicas como el comentar una noticia actual de interà ©s mutuo, felicitar a los participantes por algo que hayan logrado y por lo que hayan apoyado en el partido, vincular temas con el lema de la campaà ±a polà ­tica, aà ±adir momentos de silencio en los discursos que se dan agregando cierta persuasià ³n a indispuesto por breves segundos. Se debe confeccionar una pequeà ±a agenda con el esquema que se realizara en esa fecha y los ofrecimientos que se vincularà ¡n para que se pueda generar la participacià ³n del pà ºblico que se encuentre en ese momento. Ilustracià ³n 5. Relacià ³n de la tà ©cnica Aida Frente a los votantes Elaboracià ³n: Propia Fuentes: (Barranco Saiz, 2003) 3.2. ARGUMENTARIO POLà TICO Y PERSUACIÓN Es la exposicià ³n verbal de las ventajas que sustenten el motivo por el cual los electores dan su voto. Se aà ±aden las frases que motivan a los votantes, cualidades del partido, nivel de los votantes y la situacià ³n sociopolà ­tica. El lenguaje que se deben utilizar debe ser directo, claro y contundente. La voz del orador debe ser clara, pausada, evitar frases largas, tener buena vocalizacià ³n y pronunciar bien. Los argumentos a utilizar pueden ser informativos que suelen ser neutros y no siempre son adecuados para transmitir ideas polà ­ticas; là ³gicos porque se puede tener conclusiones para ello las personas deben estar intelectual y psicolà ³gicamente preparados, que son à ºtiles para personas de menor nivel cultural. La persuasià ³n es un proceso en el cual se intenta influir en las motivaciones que tenga una persona, y esto se logre a travà ©s del mensaje del candidato polà ­tico. 3.3. ACTOS PÚBLICOS El acto pà ºblico mà ¡s importante es el mitin sin embargo no es la à ºnica en cual el partido debe dedicar sus esfuerzos; cuantitativamente hablando son poco eficaces puesto que la muestra puede ser muy pequeà ±a o quizà ¡s poco referencial, sin embargo ayuda a animarlos desinteresadamente al marketing polà ­tico, para que asà ­ se vuelvan colaboradores indirectamente. Se debe considerar el local, los oradores, la audiencia, los informadores y el servicio de seguridad en la realizacià ³n de un mitin. CAPà TULO IV. LAS CAMPAÑAS ELECTORALES Para tener una buena campaà ±a, el polà ­tico debe poder organizase para que pueda estar verificando la misma con distintas formas de comunicacià ³n. Lograremos entender lo que realmente es la publicidad polà ­tica, cà ³mo es que se estructura una campaà ±a, que tiene como consecuencia una estructura que va a la par con el plan general que se tenga estipulada para la campaà ±a y evaluar tres puntos importantes: la sede central, la financiacià ³n y el personal que formara parte de esta referida campaà ±a. 4.1. PUBLICIDAD POLà TICA Es una herramienta que sirve de mucho con las tà ©cnicas que presentan, las cuales nos ayudan a convencer al elector; la cual antiguamente se le denominaba propaganda, sin embargo su mejor denominacià ³n es el de publicidad polà ­tica en la cual se convence con la ideologà ­a para captar los votos del mercado polà ­tico y luego poder segmentar el mismo. Para poder definir los objetivos de la publicidad polà ­tica a desarrollar se debe de tomar en cuenta las respuestas a estas preguntas:  ¿Quià ©nes queremos que sean nuestros seguidores y votantes?  ¿Quà © es lo que queremos transmitir a los electores?  ¿Quà © queremos probar a los votantes?  ¿Cà ³mo se realizara la comunicacià ³n?  ¿Cuà ¡ndo y con quà © tanta frecuencia se realizara la comunicacià ³n? Todas estas preguntas deben ser respuestas con inteligencia para que se pueda asà ­ segmentar el mercado polà ­tico y definir cà ³mo es que se realizaran que estudios se usaran con el contraste de las realidades presentadas en el partido, programa y del mismo candidato; para mayor explicacià ³n podemos ver la ilustracià ³n 6, donde se centran las ideas hacia la investigacià ³n del mercado. Ilustracià ³n 6 Relacià ³n de la investigacià ³n del mercado Polà ­tico Elaboracià ³n: Propia Fuentes: (Saiz, Marketing Polà ­tico, 2003) 4.1.1. MENSAJE DE LA PUBLICIDAD POLà TICA El mensaje tiene que pasa por ciertos procesos como es el primero ver el Estudio de Mercado, luego analizar este mercado y obtener una informacià ³n razonable sobre este, y, por ultimo obtenemos el menaje (và ©ase ilustracià ³n 7). Este mensaje debe tratar de comunicar las ventajas del partido, del candidato, del programa electoral. Para lo cual se debe realizar una lista, sea subjetiva o guià ¡ndose de las tà ©cnicas profesionales, empezando desde las ideas mà ¡s generales hasta llegar a mà ¡s concretas: esto quiere decir que, primero se abarca el tema emocional y luego se toma lo mà ¡s racional (correspondiente a la explicacià ³n del programa electoral que piensa desarrollar). Una vez finalizada la lista, se precederà ¡ a analizar la informacià ³n, evaluando cuales son las ideas que no deben ir para su retiro inmediato, porque esto puede generar problemas de interpretacià ³n negativa de los votantes, para ello nos recomiendan que busquemos â€Å"la correlacià ³n ventajas/deseos del mercado electoral† (Barranco Saiz, 2003) Ilustracià ³n 7 Proceso de la Elaboracià ³n del mensaje El mensaje debe ser consistente para que se pueda motivar al elector y sea impulsado a votar por este candidato; esto nos hace pensar en las etapas del AIDA que vimos anteriormente pero ahora aplicado al mensaje. Iniciando la primera fase de Atencià ³n; la publicidad puede atraer electores nuevos (que muchas veces no se dan cuenta de ello) gracias al Marketing aplicado (porque se influencian en detalles de la publicidad) tambià ©n tiene electores voluntarios (que le interese el mensaje) los cuales muchas veces son atraà ­dos por pequeà ±as incertidumbres que dejo en algà ºn discurso anterior. La Fase de Interà ©s es la que continà ºa a este proceso para elaborar el mensaje pues es ello lo que se tiene que hacer que el votante tenga hacia el mensaje y pueda asimilarlo. Por lo cual como definà ­amos anteriormente, la segmentacià ³n de mercado polà ­tico, podremos adaptar el mensaje principal para cada segmento especà ­fico dà ¡ndoles lo que ellos quieren. 4.1.2. DISEÑO DEL ANUNCIO VISUAL Este diseà ±o debe contar con las caracterà ­sticas referentes a la investigacià ³n que se haya realizado sobre lo que motiva a la mayorà ­a de personas. Debe tener una distribucià ³n correcta del anuncio con ilustraciones, titulares, el texto y el logo. 4.2. ESTRUCTURA DE LA CAMPAÑA Se debe elegir la forma de la organizacià ³n y evaluar las desventajas que està © presente, se da mediante un plan general de campaà ±a de las cuales son consecuentes actividades del equipo correspondiente mediante la eleccià ³n de la organizacià ³n como se habà ­a mencionado y el nombramiento de dos puestos clave como el director de la campaà ±a y el coordinador del campo que anteriormente lo habà ­amos detallado. Tambià ©n se debe elegir la sede central de la campaà ±a a realizar indicando tambià ©n la organizacià ³n de la misma, pudiendo identificar la diferencia entre los problemas que se den en la localizacià ³n y otras cuestiones tipo material. Y a su vez verificar el problema de la financiacià ³n sobre los costos de la campaà ±a, los fondos y la gestià ³n financiera en sà ­. Otro punto importante de definir en una estructura de campaà ±a debe detallarse el personal con el cual se debe contar, necesariamente se requiere personal especializado. CONCLUSIONES El Marketing polà ­tico està ¡ especializado con ayuda del marketing en los partidos, candidatos y el mercado polà ­tico; en el cual se interactà ºan con los diversos medios necesarios para lograr una buena organizacià ³n. La organizacià ³n del Departamento del marketing es muy importante para un partido polà ­tico pues es la mà ¡s importante, la que define los mensajes, la publicidad y todo lo que es consecuente al marketing polà ­tico en sà ­. La eleccià ³n de las personas en los cargos del partido es muy importante que sean especializadas y no solamente personas cercanas al partido puesto que si se quiere tener un mejor partido se debe contar con el mejor personal el cual puede aportar mà ¡s que una persona conocida en el partido. La publicidad es muy importante para la captacià ³n de personas que se fijan en pequeà ±os detalles del partido los cuales pueden atraer a las personas mà ¡s seguras. El mensaje es importante que se pueda plasmar en la forma que le sea fà ¡cil de entender en los distintos segmentos que se hayan subdividido el mensaje debe llegar a todas las personas, es por eso que se adecuan al segmento del mercado polà ­tico. BIBLIOGRAFà A Barranco Saiz, F. J. (2003). Marketing Polà ­tico. Pirà ¡mide. Microsoft ® Student. (2010). Marketing. Saiz, F. J. (2003). Marketing Polà ­tico. Madrid, Espaà ±a: Pirà ¡mide. Saiz, F. J. (2003). Marketing Polà ­tico. Salgado, L. M. (2002). Marketing Polà ­tico. Barcelona, Espaà ±a: Editorial Paidà ³s Ibà ©rica, S. A. Zepeda, A. V. (2002). Decà ¡logo del marketing polà ­tico. Revista Mexicana de Comunicacià ³n , vol. 15 (issue 78), 16-20.

Deviance Essay -- Psychology Deviant Behavior Essays

Deviance Whatever the term deviance creates , in general it is popularly assumed that 'deviants' are individuals who are somehow less capable, less socially responsible, less adjusted, and consequently less useful to society than their more fortunate, upright and 'normal' fellows ( Social Deviance in Australia, p 4). In the case of Aboriginal drinking, alcohol is the main source of criminalisation and incarceration. This public labelling gives the individual an entirely new status- one which tends to dominate the person's self conception. Once this assumes a 'master status' it becomes the major reference for personal identity and relegates all to other 'normal' characteristics to a subsidiary status. This process insures that characteristics such as sexual preference, comes to intrude upon and influence almost their entire existence. Once identified publicly, (homosexuals), the person is treated differently and expected to behave differently (Study guide p18). The creation of deviance accordi ng to Merton is seen as the responsibility of society ( or the law abiding and respectable members of society) and of the official agents of social control ( police, magistrates, social workers, teachers, judges, doctors and psychiatrists) ( Social Deviance in Australia p 5). Merton draws attention to the causal significance of social, economic and cultural factors of all kinds in pushing or pulling certain types of individuals into courses of action which involved rule breaking. Interactionists', however, like Becker are primarily concerned with the role social control plays in the social production of deviance, which may take two main forms- rule making and rule enforcing. As Becker (1963:9) writes: 'social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance... and by applying these rules to particular people and labelling them outsiders. While Quinney states that crime is created. He refers to the social definition of deviance, to the fact that the sys tem of government we have created for ourselves was and is constructed by those who have titled authority and power. Control is exerted through a variety of institutions run by and for the elite (Mass media, education, religion). It is those who are in power who define what is seen as deviant behaviour. Robert Merton strongly believes that the problem of deviants is created by a soc... ...tter how hard they work, they cannot achieve the desired levels of wealth which they have been taught to aspire to, deviant behaviour may result. Howard Becker's approach to the labelling of deviance, outlined in Outsiders views deviance as the creation of social groups and not the quality of some act or behaviour ( Howard Becker website). According to Becker, researching the act of the individual is irrelevant as deviance is simply rule breaking behaviour that is labelled deviant by those in a position of power. Richard Quinney concentrates more on the development of a capitalist economy in the creation of deviants. He views the introduction of capitalism as condition where struggle is a natural component. In the book " Class, State, and Crime", Quinney states that deviance is a product of the condition of the social structure (p107) (Richard Quinney website). He believes that that the state maintains the capitalist order through the creation of laws. The state exists to serve t he interests of the capitalist working class. The criminal law is merely an instrument of that class to perpetuate the current social and economic order and is used to repress those who are less powerful.

Geography and Culture Essay

The speech of Chief Seattle talked about the decline of the race of American Indians in the United States as long as the land that they used to till and call their own. The Whites have taken over their society and their culture is on the decline. Yet, he does not blame the Whites alone for their predicament; the chief also blames their young men and pointed out that change is very much present in the world. The Red men no longer seem to have rights and the need for country. California is a very dynamic society in the world today. If it became an independent country, it would be the fifth largest economy all over the world. Furthermore, it would also become the most populous State with the largest number of ethnicities present. It has the potential to become a cultural hub and exchange where various cultures and attitudes come together. The migration of different ethnic groups to California contributes to its prosperity. When ethnic groups go there, they also bring with them their contacts and their connections. In the process, these ethnic groups can connect with the rest of the world, enhancing the economic and cultural life of California. Through this backdrop of multiculturalism, the import and export trade of California is also enhanced. In this highly globalized world, connection with other nations and economies all over the world is highly desirable and can help enhance the economic prosperity of a nation.

Popular Conspiracy Theories About Lincolns Assassination

Popular Conspiracy Theories About Lincoln's Assassination Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) is one of the most famous Presidents of the United States. Volumes are devoted to his life and death. However, historians have yet to unravel the mysteries surrounding his assassination. The Assassination Abraham Lincoln and his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln attended the play, Our American Cousin at Fords Theatre on April 14, 1865. They were to be accompanied by General Ulysses S. Grant and his wife Julia Dent Grant. However, Grant and his wife changed their plans and did not attend the play. The Lincolns attended the play with Clara Harris and Henry Rathbone. During the play, actor John Wilkes Booth entered Lincolns State Box undetected and shot him in the back of the head. He also stabbed Henry Rathbone in the arm. After shooting the President, Booth jumped out of the box onto the stage, broke his left leg and yelled something that some eyewitnesses reported as, Sic Semper Tyrannus (As always to tyrants). Failed Assassinations by Co-conspirators Co-conspirator Lewis Powell (or Paine/Payne) attempted to assassinate Secretary of State William Seward, but only managed to injure him. David Herold accompanied Powell. However, Herold fled before the deed was finished. At the same time, George Atzerodt was supposed to have killed Vice-President, Andrew Johnson. Atzerodt did not go through with the assassination. Booth and Herold escaped the Capital and traveled to Mary Surratts Tavern in Maryland where they picked up supplies. They then traveled to Dr. Samuel Mudds house where Booths leg was set. Lincoln's Death Lincoln was taken to the Petersen House across the street from Fords Theater where he eventually died at 7:22 A.M. April 15, 1865. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton stayed with the Lincolns at the Petersen House and coordinated the efforts to capture the conspirators. Sentences of Deaths of the Conspirators On April 26, Herold and Booth were found hiding in a barn near Port Royal, Virginia. Herold surrendered but Booth refused to come out of the barn so it was set on fire. In the ensuing chaos, a soldier shot and killed Booth. Eight Lincoln conspirators were caught over the next few days and tried by a military court. They were found guilty on June 30 and given various sentences depending upon their involvement. Lewis Powell (Paine), David Herold, George Atzerodt and Mary Surratt were charged with conspiring with Booth along with various other crimes and hanged on July 7, 1865. Dr. Samuel Mudd was charged with conspiring with Booth and sentenced to life in prison. Andrew Johnson eventually pardoned him early in 1869. Samuel Arnold and Michael OLaughlen had conspired with Booth to kidnap President Lincoln and were found guilty and sentenced to life. OLaughlen died in prison but Arnold was pardoned by Johnson in 1869. Edman Spangler was found guilty of helping Booth escape from Fords Theater. He was also pardoned by Johnson in 1869. Pre-Assassination Abduction Was assassination the first goal? The general consensus today is that the first goal of the conspirators had been to kidnap the President. A few attempts to kidnap Lincoln fell through, and then the Confederacy surrendered to the North. Booths thoughts turned to killing the President. Up until recent times, however, there was a great deal of speculation as to the existence of an abduction plot. Some people felt it might be used to exonerate the hanged conspirators. Even the judge advocates feared talk of an abduction plot might lead to an innocent verdict for some if not all of the conspirators. They are believed to have suppressed important evidence such as John Wilkes Booths diary. (Hanchett, The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies, 107) On the other side, some people argued for the existence of a kidnapping plot because it bolstered their desire to connect Booth with a larger conspiracy masterminded by the Confederacy. With the abduction plot established, the question remains: Who was act ually behind and involved in the assassination of the President? The Simple Conspiracy Theory The simple conspiracy in its most basic form states that Booth and a small group of friends at first planned to kidnap the president. This eventually resulted in the assassination. In fact, the conspirators were to also assassinate Vice-President Johnson and Secretary of State Seward at the same time dealing a major blow to the government of the United States. Their goal was to give the South a chance to rise again. Booth saw himself as a hero. In his diary, John Wilkes Booth claimed that Abraham Lincoln was a tyrant and that Booth should be praised just as Brutus was for killing Julius Caesar. (Hanchett, 246) When Abraham Lincoln Secretaries Nicolay and Hay wrote their ten-volume biography of Lincoln in 1890 they presented the assassination as a simple conspiracy. (Hanchett, 102) The Grand Conspiracy Theory Even though personal Secretaries of Lincoln presented the simple conspiracy as the most likely scenario, they acknowledged that Booth and his co-conspirators had suspicious contacts with Confederate leaders. (Hanchett, 102). The Grand Conspiracy theory focuses on these connections between Booth and Confederate leaders in the south. Many variations exist of this theory. For example, it has been said that Booth had contact with Confederate leaders in Canada. It is worth noting that in April 1865 President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation offering a reward for the arrest of Jefferson Davis in connection with the Lincoln assassination. He was arrested because of the evidence by an individual named Conover who was later found to have given false testimony. The Republican Party also allowed the idea of the Grand Conspiracy to fall by the wayside because Lincoln had to be a martyr, and they did not want his reputation sullied with the idea that anyone would want him killed but a madman. Eisenschmil's Grand Conspiracy Theory This conspiracy theory was a fresh look at the Lincoln assassination as investigated by Otto Eisenschiml and reported in his book Why Was Lincoln Murdered? It implicated the divisive figure Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Eisenschiml purported that the traditional explanation of Lincolns assassination was unsatisfactory. (Hanchett, 157). This shaky theory is based on the supposition that General Grant would not have changed his plans to accompany the President to the theater on April 14th without an order. Eisenschiml reasoned that Stanton must have been involved in Grants decision because he is the only person other than Lincoln from whom Grant would have taken orders. Eisenschiml goes on to offer ulterior motives for many of the actions Stanton took immediately after the assassination. He supposedly left one escape route out of Washington, the one Booth just happened to take. The presidential guard, John F. Parker, was never punished for leaving his post. Eisenschiml also states th at the conspirators were hooded, killed and/or shipped off to a remote prison so they could never implicate anyone else. However, this is exactly the point where Eisenschimls theory collapses as do most other grand conspiracy theories. Several of the conspirators had ample time and opportunity to speak and implicate Stanton and numerous others if a grand conspiracy truly existed. (Hanchett, 180) They were questioned many times during captivity and, in fact, were not hooded through the entire trial. In addition, after being pardoned and released from prison, Spangler, Mudd, and Arnold never implicated anyone. One would think that men who reportedly hated the Union would relish the thought of toppling the leadership of the United States by implicating Stanton, one of the men instrumental in the Souths destruction. Lesser Conspiracies Numerous other Lincoln assassination conspiracy theories exist. Two of the most interesting, albeit incredible, involve Andrew Johnson and the papacy. Members of Congress tried to implicate Andrew Johnson in the assassination. They even called a special committee to investigate in 1867. The committee could not find any links between Johnson and the killing. It is interesting to note that Congress impeached Johnson that same year. The second theory as proposed by Emmett McLoughlin and others is that the Roman Catholic Church had reason to hate Abraham Lincoln. This is based on Lincolns legal defense of a former Priest against the Bishop of Chicago. This theory is further enhanced by the fact that the Catholic John H. Surratt, the son of Mary Surratt, fled America and ended up in the Vatican. However, the evidence connecting Pope Pius IX with the assassination is dubious at best. Conclusion The assassination of Abraham Lincoln has gone through many revisions during the past 153 years. Immediately following the tragedy, the Grand Conspiracy involving the Confederate leaders was the most widely accepted. Around the turn of the century, the Simple Conspiracy theory had gained a position of prominence. In the 1930s, Eisenschimls Grand Conspiracy theory arose with the publication of Why Was Lincoln Murdered? In addition, the years have been sprinkled with other outlandish conspiracies to explain the assassination. As time has passed, one thing is true, Lincoln has become and will remain an American icon lauded with an impressive strength of will and given credit for saving our nation from division and moral oblivion. Source Hanchett, William. The Lincoln Murder Conspiracies. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983.

Gattaca - true hero essays

Gattaca - true hero essays WHO IS THE REAL HERO IN THIS FILM?..... A Hero is defined as a person who displays courage or noble qualities, or the main/principal character in a story, film or poem. This definition sums up Vincent/Jerome perfectly. Not only is he the character whom the movie is based on but too someone who shows courage, strength and persistence in achieving his dream. Vincent refused to play the hand he was dealt and with little hesitation went to all extremes to transform himself into a more superior member of society, a valid, Jerome Morrow. In doing so, a height adjustment was required and after going through the torturing procedure, the genetically made Jerome never questioned Vincents commitment and determination in pursuing his dream. When Vincent/Jeromes position as a navigator on the launch for Titan was confirmed, Vincent/Jerome and Eugene celebrated as all their hard work has paid off. As Eugene was getting put to bed, he slurred Im proud of you Vincent being the first time he publicly acknowledged all Vincent/Jerome had achieved. It is evident throughout the film that Eugene admires Vincent/Jeromes strength of mind in striving for his goal despite his genetic make-up and burden of imperfection. Vincent/Jerome proved many people wrong by out doing his potential as he wasnt satisfied with the fact he couldnt live like a valid. He had the willpower that Eugene lacked but didnt have the blood type that would allow his dream to come true, so they thought. Vincent/Jeromes parents believed they would out-live their unhealthy, godchild and the Janitor too believed that it was impossible for a natural birth such as Vincent/Jerome to be a part of Gattaca. It was Vincent/Jeromes courage and attitude towards life that defied the odds and made him succeed. He admitted he ...

The End of a Miracle v1 Essays - Terry Fox, Canadian People

The End of a Miracle v1 Essays - Terry Fox, Canadian People 388620044259500The End of a Miracle By: Sean Julien Terry Fox passed away from a coma at the age of 22 on June 28, 1981 at 4:35 am at the Royal Columbian HospitalinNew Westminster. Terry's coma was caused by osteogenic sarcoma which is a type of cancer that he was diagnosed with at the age of 18. Terry fox had been living with osteogenic sarcoma for four years, but instead of terry just taking it easy, resting and getting treatment, he chose to spend 18 months running over 5,000 kilometers. But Terry Fox didn't stop there, then he started is run across Canada, starting in St. John's, Newfoundland on April 12, 1980. Terry ran approximately 42 kilometers a day during his journey. On September 1st, 1980, Terry was forced to stop running after 143 days and 5,373 kilometers because the cancer spread to his lungs. Even though terry didn't finish his goal by running across Canada, "I felt like I had won. I felt like I had made it, even though I hadn't." After terry finishes running he was told by Isadore Sharp that a run will be held each year in terry's name, "we will not rest until your dream to find a cure for cancer is realized." For more information visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Fox or read "Terry Fox his story" written by Leslie Scrivener.

Absorb well all themes and only after that choose a title and start Term Paper

Absorb well all themes and only after that choose a title and start writing the - Term Paper Example This paper will look at trade components while discussing trade measures and commodities, tariff and non-tariff barriers, export taxes, quantitative measures, subsidies, consumption taxes, the impact of trade measures on supply and demand and prices, obstacles to reform of agricultural trade through WTO and raw materials. New trade measures have been documented, influencing almost 0.9% of universe imports and 1.1% of G-20 commodities imports from 2011 in the middle of October. The foremost trade measures include customs controls, trade remedy actions, import licenses, and tariff enhancements. There have been less new export measures introduced over the past months than in prior times. The most current upsurge of trade measure seems to attempt to inspire recovery via national industrial scheduling instead of dealing with the short-term impacts of the world crisis, which is a long-standing issue. In addition, the amassing of trade measures has to be deliberated where the distortions and stock of trade measures that persisted prior to the global financial turmoil are still in existence (Shah 1). Finally, trade measures have both negative and positive effects on commodities. Tariffs refer to taxes imposed on imports on products into a region or country. Tariffs enhance earnings to companies and dealers of resources to local companies that are competing with external importers and supply income for the governments. Tariff barriers refer to taxes enforced on commodities which adequately create an impediment to trade; nonetheless, this is not the ultimate responsibility of enforcing tariffs. Tariff barriers are also referred to as import restraints. This is because they reduce the quantity of commodities which can be brought into a region or country. In addition, non-tariff barriers are an alternative means for a country or region to regulate the amount of trading activities that it does with a

Pre-colombian history 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pre-colombian history 2 - Essay Example n removed to honor various Gods, humans might have their blood spilled in order to represent the need for rain, or even simply as a means of satisfying their dietary needs in the form of ritualistic cannibalism. Dancing and chanting, as well as a sacrificial priest, were common elements of the ritual sacrifice. In most instances, the ritual sacrifice was performed so as to induce awe-inspiring religious experiences (Marcus & Flannery, 2004). Pequots were Native Americans living in the Northeastern United States (rumored to be what is now Connecticut) during the middle ages (approx. 1500-1700). Not a great deal is known about the specific beliefs held by the Pequot nation, however they were virtually eliminated by early-American settlers (Pilgrims) and other various international colonists. The Pequots appear to have had a strong influence in the socio-political affairs of the Northeastern region during the time of the early settlers, however they were perceived to be a significant threat to the stability of the settlers’ beliefs and lifestyles, thus the majority of them were massacred in the Pequot War which raged from 1636-1638. It seems that the Pequot were made the scapegoat for several instances in which early-American settlers were killed by unknown circumstances, perhaps as a justification for their removal from the colonial settlements. This represents an instance of disease which is contagious to those who are not native residents of a foreign territory (Jackson, 2003). A series of plagues caused a significant drop in the number of Native Americans in the early colonial regions (East Coast Region) in the United States which was caused by the passing of disease from the settlers to the native populations. For instance, a Dutch settler would have certain immunities to diseases which existed in European nations, however upon the Dutch arrival to the Americas, the Native or Aboriginal population had no previous exposure to these diseases historically, thus

Is Bill Gates Correct in the view that foreign aid truly matters Essay

Is Bill Gates Correct in the view that foreign aid truly matters - Essay Example agencies value the life of a single American at more than a few million dollars).2 Gates blames the media for negative publicity on matters concerning foreign aid, he refers to one British newspaper that gave its readers the impression that foreign aid is just but a waste of resources. In one of their articles, it was written that more than half of British voters advocated for slashes in overseas aid money. He viewed this as a distortion of the actual truth of what goes on in countries that receive aid. As much as Gates knows that no program comes without its flaws, he has opted to look at the positive aspect of aid. He goes on to add that foreign aid is just but a tool in the fight against disease and poverty. Developed countries need to make certain changes in their policies like opening up their markets and cutting agronomic subsidisations. The developing countries also have a role to play in this, they need to allocate more money to health matters and progress for their own folks . In Gate’s view, it effectively saves and improves lives.4 ‘By 2035, there will be almost no poor countries left in the world.’ Bill Gates. Through his foundation, the Gates Foundation, they invent vaccines that help to improve the health of children and in turn lighten the burden on the countries’ healthcare and social system. Having healthier children apart from the life factor is beneficial in that it allows children to grow physically and mentally and they become productive adults in future. Gates and his wife Melinda, have opted to focus on agriculture and healthcare because these are the two fields that they have more of a hands on familiarity. These are also the two fields that lay a foundation for long-term economic evolution. The belief that foreign aid is a large portion of rich countries’ annual budget is a misguided notion. A substantial number of

Discuss the various reactions that the Choragos and Chorus undergo Essay

Discuss the various reactions that the Choragos and Chorus undergo throughout the play at various key points in Oedipus Rex - Essay Example Character development through the first part of the play allows the writer to introduce desired qualities and attributed related to the role played by that character later. In this case, it makes it easier to develop and maintain a given theme within the major sections of the tragedy. Oedipus Rex Play comprise of categorized characters each assuming an inherent role in depicting an actual ancient Greek society. In this context, one character in the play is Chorus, also commonly referred to as Choragus in plural. Within the play, Chorus refers to a group of elders representing the voice of society in general. In the event of response and reactions, Chorus addresses the theatre as an individual. However, the voice of that individual incorporates responses of all the other elders making up that team. Chorus acts as the judge or a third party reflecting on developments taking place within the play (Ley 12). The group questions the moral and philosophical inclination of other characters i n the play. In addition, the group advice kings and other leaders in authority during decision making process. Chorus possesses theatrical freedom since their role as a group can operate both within and outside the plot’s boundaries. ... As stated earlier, Sophocles develops distinct character traits at the beginning of the play. The tragedy adopts and maintains these developed characters in creating defined and sustainable themes throughout the plot development. With respect to Chorus, the group reacts to plot subjects in an almost consistent manner. As representatives of the larger society, Chorus inclines their objective responses to desires of peace and stability within the subject society. Chorus vehemently disapproves actions of Antigone’s brother in their struggle for leadership positions. Within the first section of the play, Chorus reactions support Antigone’s actions and decisions. Creon, who was the King as this part of the play, gave a decree preventing any member of the kingdom from staging a burial ceremony for Polynices. According to the king, Polynices proved their disloyalty and betrayed the empire; hence does not deserve respect even at burial (Sophocles 201). At this section, Chorus r eacts to Creon’s decree by insinuating that the new king plans to abuse power. The group of elders emphasize on the importance of respecting the law of the land and those of gods by leaders. At the beginning, Chorus praises Creon and the Greek people at large on the manner in which man can achieve desired goals through concerted efforts. The group illustrates man’s ability by describing the manner in which Greek men tamed horses, snared birds and cross vast seas during winter (Sophocles 36). However, the tone of their ode changes towards the end of this first part. Chorus reacts by insinuating that man can misuse power in a manner likely to compromise law of gods and that of the

Tyco International Accounting Issues Research Paper

Tyco International Accounting Issues - Research Paper Example One of the most notable accounting malpractice employed by the company involved the low attrition rate, which were written off at a remarkably slow pace. The consequence of this accounting misnomer was a significant inflation of the profits as reported in the company’s financial records. A consistent pattern of this accounting practice had the effect of giving the shareholders the wrong kind of impression regarding the performance records of this company (Maremont, M and, Laurie Cohen 12 a). The markets were also deluded into believing in the falsified accounting records of the company. According to financial analysts, the amount of money involved in the slow attrition accounting practice was the major driving factor. For instance, it was reported that the company spent large sums of money in purchasing accounts from dealers. An estimate of 1.3 billion dollars has been given as the amount of money used by the company to purchase the accounts in 2001. Major discrepancies have a lso been seen in the mismatch between the posting of assets acquired and the selling prices that were attached to the same. This aspect has often been cited as a case of deliberate falsification of information intended to paint an artificially positive picture about the performance of the company (Bragg 23). One such case involved the purchase and sale of Anglo Seal division. Anglo Seal was bought for about 20 million dollars according to the information posted in the company’s accounting records. In the space of time of one year, the same asset was sold off at a price of 111 million dollars. Some analysts argue that the real losses incurred by Tyco could be even much higher given the fact the team of accountants and lawyers who worked through the companies records overlooked or could not access some sensitive omissions and commissions due to weaknesses of evidence (Maremont and Laurie 10 b). According to analysts, it is not practically conceivable how an asset could apprecia te to nearly eight times its purchase price within the short time of a year. The obvious intention was to bring down the value of expenses, while adjusting upwards the level of sales and revenues. As a result, the company presented itself as particularly robust in terms of growth. The danger of such accounting practices is that they are not sustainable in the long run. They tend to shield the company’s failings from the shareholders and the markets. According to some analysts, such practices have the capacity of bringing down companies because all safeguard measures are rendered useless in the face of irregular and cosmetic accounting practices. The irregular practices often shield the companies from the indicators of possible slump of a slackened performance. Defenders of Tyco’s book-keeping methods have argued that any alternative ways of accountancy could not significantly alter the state of accounts as reported by the company (Maremont and, Laurie 12 c ) . They rel y on the reports of internal auditors who argued that few things would change in terms of performance regarding the company’s overall growth strategy. It would be appropriate to consider the weaknesses of the irregular accounting practices in comparison to similar practices that often ended up in total failure. The collapse of Meryl Lynch and other famous firms were attributed, in part, on the reliance on cosmetic

Dream act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dream act - Essay Example Here the Dream Act allows temporary residency only for minors who have good character. â€Å"Hence the dream Act gives an opportunity to build the career of helpless children; I support the bill with wholeheartedness† (Thesis). It is not abnormal to punish the immigrants who lands up illegally in America because many a times theses people turns out to be criminals and offenders of law. But the children migrated along with their parents are innocent and helpless. So bill like Dream Act saves their lives. Even though Dream act nurture the life of migrant youth, this can motivate more illegal immigrants to land in America. They would be motivated to come to USA and utilize the dream act to make up and establish the lives of their children. America is a rich country and it is the obligation of the country to give home to poor and less fortunate people of developing and poor countries. But this must be done on a restrictive amount. It is not necessary for the government to give shelter to all illegal immigrants but only to a certain percentage of migrants who has good human values. Illegal immigrant is poor and helpless, but this does not omit the fact of them having unethical character and criminal background. In such a circumstance, the government should ban the arrival of illegal immigrants and should deport the one who cross the borders by cheating the border security. It is mostly Mexican and Hispanic migrants who cross the border illegally spread violence, crime and substance abuse in United States Dream Act is indefinitely a good approach to help the children of illegal immigrants but government should also give education to the adults who cross American borders. Educating these people bring in some refinement in their personality and would make them potential for professional employment. If people are taught professional skill and techniques, they can make a living in their own county. After educating and giving them professional skill, they would be

Discuss the various reactions that the Choragos and Chorus undergo Essay

Discuss the various reactions that the Choragos and Chorus undergo throughout the play at various key points in Oedipus Rex - Essay Example Character development through the first part of the play allows the writer to introduce desired qualities and attributed related to the role played by that character later. In this case, it makes it easier to develop and maintain a given theme within the major sections of the tragedy. Oedipus Rex Play comprise of categorized characters each assuming an inherent role in depicting an actual ancient Greek society. In this context, one character in the play is Chorus, also commonly referred to as Choragus in plural. Within the play, Chorus refers to a group of elders representing the voice of society in general. In the event of response and reactions, Chorus addresses the theatre as an individual. However, the voice of that individual incorporates responses of all the other elders making up that team. Chorus acts as the judge or a third party reflecting on developments taking place within the play (Ley 12). The group questions the moral and philosophical inclination of other characters i n the play. In addition, the group advice kings and other leaders in authority during decision making process. Chorus possesses theatrical freedom since their role as a group can operate both within and outside the plot’s boundaries. ... As stated earlier, Sophocles develops distinct character traits at the beginning of the play. The tragedy adopts and maintains these developed characters in creating defined and sustainable themes throughout the plot development. With respect to Chorus, the group reacts to plot subjects in an almost consistent manner. As representatives of the larger society, Chorus inclines their objective responses to desires of peace and stability within the subject society. Chorus vehemently disapproves actions of Antigone’s brother in their struggle for leadership positions. Within the first section of the play, Chorus reactions support Antigone’s actions and decisions. Creon, who was the King as this part of the play, gave a decree preventing any member of the kingdom from staging a burial ceremony for Polynices. According to the king, Polynices proved their disloyalty and betrayed the empire; hence does not deserve respect even at burial (Sophocles 201). At this section, Chorus r eacts to Creon’s decree by insinuating that the new king plans to abuse power. The group of elders emphasize on the importance of respecting the law of the land and those of gods by leaders. At the beginning, Chorus praises Creon and the Greek people at large on the manner in which man can achieve desired goals through concerted efforts. The group illustrates man’s ability by describing the manner in which Greek men tamed horses, snared birds and cross vast seas during winter (Sophocles 36). However, the tone of their ode changes towards the end of this first part. Chorus reacts by insinuating that man can misuse power in a manner likely to compromise law of gods and that of the

Dream act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dream act - Essay Example Here the Dream Act allows temporary residency only for minors who have good character. â€Å"Hence the dream Act gives an opportunity to build the career of helpless children; I support the bill with wholeheartedness† (Thesis). It is not abnormal to punish the immigrants who lands up illegally in America because many a times theses people turns out to be criminals and offenders of law. But the children migrated along with their parents are innocent and helpless. So bill like Dream Act saves their lives. Even though Dream act nurture the life of migrant youth, this can motivate more illegal immigrants to land in America. They would be motivated to come to USA and utilize the dream act to make up and establish the lives of their children. America is a rich country and it is the obligation of the country to give home to poor and less fortunate people of developing and poor countries. But this must be done on a restrictive amount. It is not necessary for the government to give shelter to all illegal immigrants but only to a certain percentage of migrants who has good human values. Illegal immigrant is poor and helpless, but this does not omit the fact of them having unethical character and criminal background. In such a circumstance, the government should ban the arrival of illegal immigrants and should deport the one who cross the borders by cheating the border security. It is mostly Mexican and Hispanic migrants who cross the border illegally spread violence, crime and substance abuse in United States Dream Act is indefinitely a good approach to help the children of illegal immigrants but government should also give education to the adults who cross American borders. Educating these people bring in some refinement in their personality and would make them potential for professional employment. If people are taught professional skill and techniques, they can make a living in their own county. After educating and giving them professional skill, they would be

An Element of Art and Science Essay Example for Free

An Element of Art and Science Essay Astrology provides a very debatable kind of knowledge that is generally assessed by the intelligent as a useless kind of knowledge, which only makes sense for the ignorant. At the same time astrology is usually associated with gypsies and hucksters, who are known for their deceptive and fake knowledge, as they try to deceive people for their own financial interest. On the other hand, we find people with high education attempting to study astrology and very much respect the kind of knowledge it offers them. Whether such knowledge offered through teaching astrology in universities is worth doing or to be considered an inapplicable knowledge for high education is a critical decision to make, which requires obtaining a great insight about astrology it self as an academic field in order to be able to make a correct assessment. Astrology is actually a combined form of knowledge that both combine both the element of art and of science in its essence. It contains the mathematical element as well as the artistic element o symbolism (Astrology? 891). Scientists usually disregard the art side of astrology and focus on the basic mathematical part of it, as they judge it as useless and insignificant. This actually destroys the wholeness and balance within the realm itself. This may be considered a reason for misunderstanding the real value of knowledge in astrology. It is also a fact that every field is vulnerable to be used by ignorant people who devoid it totally of its meaning and value, in order to sell it as cheap as possible in a market of ignorance that unfortunately have many customers who are wiling to buy, again this helps in misunderstanding Astrology (Astrology? 891); and as there is the presence of the competent and the incompetent in every field, and people usually search for the best in every profession, so why exclude Astrology (Astrology? 896). Astrology requires a sophisticated kind of thinking as it combines artistic and scientific knowledge, it can therefore never be considered as insignificant knowledge. It may not be appreciated by scientists due to the artistic element provided within it, and their total dependence on reason for discovering reality since the onset of the renaissance; thus reviving such forms of knowledge actually, shows the evolution of knowledge and thinking that reflects the significance of intuitive forms of knowledge besides the pure rational ones. The astrological knowledge in itself consists of a natural balance between intuitive and rational knowledge, and disturbing this balance will only lead to the production of inconsistent forms of knowledge that seem to appear on the surface to help in the generation of misunderstandings regarding astrology. The argument of scientists against Astrology reflects the on going disagreement between scientific knowledge and intuitive forms of knowledge. Scientists never admit the truth in any intuitive understanding, and they usually regarded as invalid. They never accept the fact the mystery is part of reality and that the rational mind can never be able to reach full understanding of the universe. Astrology is a balanced kind of knowledge as it respects both forms of thinking, which in fact a respect for nature and for the human being as part of that nature. I feel that the purpose of a reading is to understand ones life challenges And potential, to provide an opportunity for self reflection and life Evaluation, as well as to confirm ones intuitive sense of what ones Life is about (Astrology? 895). Human beings as well as nature are made of matter and soul that can never be detached from each other as long as life is there. How can scientists reach the truth if they are actually altering the natural balance in life by looking for material proof and ignoring the intuitive reality of nature? The soul remains a mystery that can never be explained by scientific truth, and science can not resolve the question of life and death. There fore, accepting astrology as a significant form of knowledge by a scientist is truly a question of him admitting intuition as a part of reality. From another side, if the issue had not been on intuition, regarding astrology, it is still a form of knowledge that surely provides the individual with some insight about life and introduces him to different kinds of thinking; it should be even credited for this reason alone, my studies in Astrology, as well as in other fields, are attempts to understand the grand design of the whole (Astrology? 894). Scientists also accuse Astrological interpretive knowledge of not being exact stars incline but do not compel (A critical? 882), and this fact works against scientific logic which is sharp and determinant. But actually, life in it self is never exact or straight forward and clear as mathematical knowledge entails for instance. Astrology may actually provide the best for of understanding of life and nature; it allows people to understand reality the way it is without trying to alter its nature. The whole issue of prediction and future related knowledge can never be definite or fully explainable, to discuss future probabilities is much like giving a weather report (Astrology? 896). On the other hand, it should be admitted that Astrological knowledge may help in creating dependent and weak individuals, if they used it wrongly. It might lead them to spin in a cycle, which they might not be able to break. People can stress too much on the intuitive knowledge in Astrology and thus once again altering its balance of logic and intuition and thus getting again a wrong insight about life and nature, with an accompanied change in personality and attitude to life Astrology, when practiced as completely as possible, takes away from ach of us our right and duty to make our own personal decisions (A Critical? 882). In the case of a scientist who puts great emphasis on logic and excludes intuition, makes him a rough and rigid person who stands weak in front of the scientifically unexplained mysteries of the world; while in the case of the ignorant who does the opposite to give too much significance to intuition and disregards reason suffers another kind of weakness that creates a dependent and shattered personality. But again we must also admit that this would be the case with any field if wrongly interpreted. All in all, I believe that Astrology is a sophisticated form of knowledge that should be respected for the special thinking abilities it provides an individual who studies it. It also reflects on the importance of providing a balance between Art and Science, and thus between logic and intuition, which is found deep within the nature of man and the universe he lives in. I would very strongly recommend all institutions of high education to teach Astrology in order to correct the misunderstanding entitled to it, and thus expose the rich and deep knowledge it provides. Works Cited Bok, Bart J. A Critical Look at Astrology. The Humanist Costello, Priscilla. Astrology, Science or Abracadabra? Wellesley College.

Influence of Climate Change on Eel Migration

Influence of Climate Change on Eel Migration Introduction Freshwater eel populations are experiencing a worldwide decline, mainly due to overfishing, habitat loss, and barriers to migration (Bonhommeau et al. 2008).   However, an increasing body of work suggests that climate change poses a significant threat to eel recruitment, currently, and in the future (Bonhommeau et al. 2008, Knights 2003).   This should be an important consideration for eel management in New Zealand, and is partially explored in August and Hicks 2008 paper: Water temperature and upstream migration of glass eels in New Zealand: implications of climate change. The ecological, cultural and economic important of eels New Zealand is home to three main species of anguillid fresh-water eel, the endemic longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), the shortfin eel (Anguilla australis), and the recently discovered Australian longfin (Anguilla reinhardtii) (Jellyman 2009).   Both populations have declined from commercial fishing and habitat degradation, but there is more concern for the longfin eel.   Aside from being exclusive to New Zealand, longfins are more slow growing and are more vulnerable to current environmental changes than shortfins because of their habitat preferences.   Their geographical distribution and abundance has declined over the past decades, prompting its ranking as an At Risk-Declining species by the New Zealand Threat Classification System (Goodman et al. 2014). The status of New Zealand eels are important to many stakeholders because both species have ecological significance and serve as valuable cultural and economic resources (Jellyman 2007, August and Hicks 2008).   Eels play a critical role in freshwater ecosystems as the apex predator.   As opportunist scavengers, they also serve to remove dead organisms, helping to recycle nutrients back into the system (Jellyman 2012).   Because they can prey upon nearly all other freshwater fish, eels have the ability to control other fish (and eel) populations, and even those of introduced species (Chisnall et al. 2003).   As an endemic New Zealand species and the largest freshwater eel found in the world, there is also much justification to protect the longfin eel and preserve the unique biodiversity of the country.   Eels are taonga (cultural treasure) to Maori (the indigenous people of New Zealand).   Historically eels were an essential food source of Maori, and remain an significant component of Maori culture and beliefs (Jellyman 2007, Wright 2013).   Eels are integrated in their whakapapa (genealogy), mythology (eels are seen as spiritual guardians of waterways), and it is important for Maori kaitiakitanga (guardianship) to protect eels so as to restore the mauri (life force) of their rivers (Wright 2013). Both shortfin and longfin eels support commercial, traditional and recreational fisheries.   The commercial eel industry is not very large for New Zealand, with eel exports bringing in revenues of $5 million annually (Jellyman 2012).   Unfortunately, this commercial fishing industry has still greatly contributed to eel decline locally, prompting demands to reduce or ban commercial fishing of longfins (Wright 2013).  Ã‚  Ã‚      Eel decline: a vulnerable life history Part of the reason eels are so vulnerable is their extraordinary semelparous life history.   Mature eels migrate to oceanic spawning grounds (the exact location still unknown, but suspected to be northeast of New Caledonia) where they spawn and die (Jellyman 2009).   The larvae migrate back to New Zealand, and metamorphosise into glass, or unpigmented, eels.   They arrive at the coast, with peak arrivals in September and October, and migrate upstream through rivers and streams from late winter to early summer.   After spending many years, sometimes decades in freshwater, mature eels will then migrate back to their oceanic spawning grounds, continuing the reproductive cycle (Jellyman 2009). Unfortunately, this life history means that (1) eel recruitment is highly dependent on their successful upstream and downstream migration, (2) they take a relatively long time to reach reproductive age, (3) they only breed once per lifetime, and (4) they have limited habitat.   All these factors have made it even easier for humans to disturb eel populations.   Increased sedimentation in wetlands, lakes and rivers has further diminished available habitat, especially for longfins who prefer clean, clear waters (Wright 2013).   The construction of hydroelectric dams largely inhibits eel movement upstream and downstream (Jellyman, 2007).  Ã‚   Much of the management efforts concerning eels involves facilitating the upstream and downstream migration of eels and other native fishes using ladders, the temporary shutting down of hydroelectric dams, physically transporting glass eels over dams, etc (Jellyman 2007).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While there are many localized threats to eel populations, it is also imperative to consider long term, overarching threats to eels populations.   A study by August and Hicks aimed to better understand the environmental factors influencing eel migration, and the findings of their study suggest that we may need to underline climate change on the growing list of eel threats (2008).  Ã‚   Purpose and methods of the experiment In their study, August and Hicks investigated the upstream migration of glass eels in the Tukituki River, in Hawke Bay, New Zealand (2008).   The purpose of their experiment was to see how environmental variables affected the number of migrants, and to survey the species composition, size, condition and pigmentation of the migrants (2008). They conducted this survey in the rivers lower tidal reaches by trapping glass eels most nights from September to late November in 2001, and until early December in 2002.   Eels were trapped using a mesh net, with mesh screens on either sides to prevent eels from moving past the net.   Fishing began an hour before sunset, and every 45 minutes, glass eels and bycatch were removed from the net, counted and recorded.   A subsample of glass eels was removed from the catch each night so the level of pigmentation and species could be identified in the lab later.   Fishing ended each night when the glass eel catch decreased over three successive trapping periods.   August and Hicks also measured water temperature at the sampling site and river mouth, river flow 10km upstream from the sampling site, wind, barometric pressure, and solar radiation.   Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze associations between the number and length (daily means of total length for each species) of migrants and the environmental variables, separated by species and year. Study results and discussion In total, the researchers caught 50,287 eels in 2001 and 19,954 in 2002, and they do not discuss reasons for this difference in eel numbers.   Out of the environmental variables measured, they found that river water temperature, sea water temperature and river flow were most associated with glass eel catch, though river and sea water temperatures were highly correlated.   Maximum eel numbers were found when river flow was low or normal (less than or equal to 22 m3 s-1), with fewer numbers at higher flows.     Ã‚   Migrating glass eels seemed to prefer moderate river temperatures; water temperatures below 12 °C and above 22 °C seemed to almost or completely suppress eel migration.   August and Hicks created a habitat suitability curve and proposed 16.5 °C as the optimum temperature for upstream migration of New Zealand glass eels (2008).   This relationship between may exist because water temperature can facilitate (or hinder) the swimming ability of fish, both by affecting the metabolism of the fish and the kinetic viscosity of water.   Moon phase, which has been historically associated with glass eel invasions, was sometimes associated with peak eel runs into the stream.   However, they found that moon phase was confounded by other variables, namely water temperature and tidal currents, and suggest that these factors, rather than the moonlight itself, may be the mechanism driving eel invasions during full and new moons.   This observation, while limited to the Tukituki River, may help to clarify the lunar association with eel migrations globally.   In both years, their catch was mainly shortfins (91% in 2001 and 93% in 2002), which is consistent with observations that shortfins dominate the North Island east coast.   However, this finding could be valuable for eel management since shortfin dominance may be reflect the pastoral development of the area and result from their superior tolerance to increasingly muddy waters.     Ã‚   They acknowledge some shortcomings of the study, including the fact that glass eel recruitment likely began before trapping.   They did not estimate trap efficiency, though visual observations suggested that no more than 5% of the migrating glass eels escaped entrapment. Significance of their findings While glass eel recruitment may be associated with various environmental factors, water temperature was the most strongly linked factor out of the measured variables.   This study thus supports the theory that water temperature is a cue for the start and intensity of the New Zealand upstream eel migration.   This has been observed for Anguilla rostrata   (American eels ) (Marin 1995), Anguilla anguilla   (European eels) (Edeline et al. 2006), and even experimentally for Anguilla japonica (Japanese eels) (Chen and Chen 1991), but had not been thoroughly explored in New Zealand eels.   Nevertheless, this study contributes further documentation of temperature thresholds for eel migrations, and puts forth an optimal temperature for New Zealand migrations.   In finding linkages between water temperature and lunar phases, their work may also help to clarify the supposed relationship between the moon and eel invasions globally.   Their finding of peak migrations during spring tides is consistent with previous studies (Jellyman 1979), and demonstrates how eels use flood tides to achieve passive upstream movement.   Findings from Jellyman et al.s 2009 study in the Waikato River system contradicted the results of August and Hicks study.   While Jellyman et al. also found that temperature had a significant relationship with the migration strength, their largest migrations occurred at much cooler temperatures, between 12.6 and 13.1 °C.   These temperatures are well below August and Hicks optimum temperature of 16.5 °C , and undermined their hypothesis that temperatures below 12 °C would suppress migrations.   These variations in the eel responses to temperature could result from the Waikato study site being further inland than August and Hicks study.   Aside from using different river systems with potentially very different ranges of temperatures, this meant that the eels sampled by Jellyman et al. were older and may respond to environmental factors differently.   Implications for climate change Given the predictions that climate change will lead to rising ocean temperatures, August and Hicks speculate that warming temperatures will negatively impact glass eel recruitment.   However, in the article, they do not discuss or predict in detail how rising water temperatures will impact eel migration, such as effects on the timing or numbers of migrants.   They maintain that the generality of the negative effects of high water temperatures on glass eel invasionsremains to be confirmed (August and Hicks 2008), which is a reasonable statement given the limited scope of their study.   However, the usefulness of this article could have been strengthened by analyzing, in more detail, the potential threat climate change poses to eels. This paper also lacked a discussion of whether eels could adapt to the projected increases in ocean temperatures.   These ocean temperature rises are expected to be relatively gradual, with warming in New Zealand between 0.7-5.1 °C, with a best estimate of 2.1 °C, by 2090 (Ministry of the Environment, 2008).   The Jellyman et al. 2009 study may actually provide evidence that eels are already adapting to warming ocean temperatures.   When they compared migration catch data between a 30 year interval, they found that the main migration period occurred several weeks earlier.   This suggests that eels may be compensating for increasing temperatures by migrating earlier in the season (Jellyman et al. 2009).   By shifting their migration times, or even by other adaptations in their physiology, eels may avoid the detrimental effects of climate change.   However, there is also the danger that as temperatures warm, the window of temperatures suitable for migration will grow smaller and smaller, which could still lead to declines in recruitment.   Moreover, it is already clear that eel recruitment has decreased both in New Zealand and globally, so it is unlikely that adaptation will allow eels to completely escape the effects of climate change.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Climate change may also be more strongly affecting eel recruitment through food availability, rather than through temperature increases.   One review of continental water conditions and the decline of American, European and Japanese eels found correlations between eel recruitment and sea surface temperature anomalies (Knights 2003).   They hypothesized that global warming trends will negatively impact eel recruitment by inhibiting spring thermocline mixing and nutrient circulation (Knights 2003).   Changes in the resulting food availability may be a significant contributor to the worldwide eel decline.   Despite several studies investigating the impact of large scale oceanic warming trends, we still very much lack an understanding of how much climate change will, and is currently, playing a role in eel populations.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Implications for Eel Management This study was beneficial by informing the population composition of eels (specifically species and size) in the Hawke Bay region.   Knowing the size of migrations in 2001 and 2002 can allow ecologists to measure the health of eel populations in the future by using this data as a point for comparison.   This population information also gives resource managers some sense of what to expect from mature eel populations in the future.   Understanding how environmental variables affect eel recruitment can help eel managers predict migrations with greater precision and to understand why they are witnessing certain trends in eel populations.   By helping managers make predictions for when peak glass eel migrations will occur, this study can help inform ideal times to turn off hydroelectric dams or invest more efforts into eel transfers over upstream obstacles.   Even though this study makes an important step towards considering how ocean warming will affect eel recruitment, its ability to advance our understanding of eels and climate change is extremely limited.   Further experimental studies are needed to investigate the temperature preferences of eels and the effects of temperature.   Even then, studies researching the effects of warming temperatures on eels are inherently limited because they cannot consider species responses and adaptations on a timescale relevant to climate change.   Regardless, given our worldwide eel decline, and evidence that climate change may already be impacting eel populations, its clear that more research is needed to investigate the current and future threat of climate change for eels. 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